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1、NuclearphysicsattheendofthecenturyE.M.HenleyDepartmentofPhysicsandInstituteforNuclearTheory,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,Washington98195J.P.SchifferArgonneNationalLaboratory,Argonne,Illinois60439andUniversityofChicago,Chicago,Illinois60637Nuclearphysicsisthebranchofphysicsthatdealswit
2、hthepropertiesandstructureofmatteronthehadroniclevel.Thisarticlestatesacurrentperspectiveofthe®eldandofsomeoftheissuesthatarenowonitsfrontiers.[S0034-6861(99)03502-3]I.INTRODUCTIONaparticle,ofmassbetweentheelectronandprotonthatwasthoughttobethemeson,wasfoundincosmicraysA.Shorthistorical
3、perspectivein1937,butitwasrealizedthatitsnuclearinteractionsweretooweak.Wenowknowthatthiswasthemuon,Asweareapproachingtheturnofthecenturyweandthepionwasnotdiscovereduntil1946.The1930swishtoreviewverybrie¯ythestatusofnuclearphysicsalsosawthe®rstrealizationbyBetheofhownuclearasithasevolve
4、dinthecourseofourexplorationsofreactionsfuelthesuninconvertinghydrogenintothenatureduringthisperiod.More®rst-handdetailsofthislightelements.evolutioncanbefoundinthearticlebyHansA.BetheProgressinnuclearphysicswasrapidafterthisstartinthisissue(Bethe,1999).andthelast50yearshaveseenexplosiv
5、egrowthinourNuclearphysicswasbornover100yearsagowiththeunderstandingofthenucleus,itsconstituents,anditsdiscoveryofradioactivitybyBecquerelandfollowedbyforces.InthepresentframeworkwecannotbegintodotheworkoftheCuriesinidentifyingthesourcesofthejusticetomanywhohavemadeimportantandoftenma-n
6、ewradiations.Thenucleusasasmallheavycenterofjorcontributionstotheevolutionofthispartofsciencetheatomwasonlydeducedin1911byRutherford;itsand,somewhatarbitrarily,wementionbynameonlyexistencewasacrucialfeatureoftheBohratomÐandNobellaureates.Therealizationinthelate1940sbyM.thuscentraltothed
7、evelopmentofquantummechanics.Goeppert-MayerandJ.H.D.JensenthatthestructureofUntilthediscoveryoftheneutronin1932itwasbe-lievedthatthenucleuswasmadeofelectronsandpro-thenucleuscanbeunderstoodintermsofashellmodel,tons.Thenucleusofprotonsandneutrons,asweknowasinatomicphysics,cameas
