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1、UltrasoundPhysicsJesseShriki,a,bDO,MS,RDMSKEYWORDSUltrasoundphysicsFrequencyPeriodTransducerInstrumentationDopplershiftKEYPOINTSThisarticleintroducesthephysicsessentialforunderstandingdiagnosticmedicalultrasound.Thisarticlediscussesthedifferencesbetweencontinuouswaveandpulsedwav
2、eultrasound.Thebasicsofultrasoundinstrumentation,suchastransducersanddisplaymodes,areexplained.Ultrasoundtechniques,suchasDopplerimaging,areintroduced.Anunderstandingofkeyconcepts,suchasresolutionandartifact,arediscussed.INTRODUCTIONPoint-of-careemergencyultrasoundhasbecomethemodern-
3、dayphysician’sstetho-scopeequivalent.Theconceptsfundamentaltoultrasoundphysicsarecriticalinbothunderstandingpoint-of-careultrasoundandobtainingthebestpossibleimages.Withoutknowledgeofhowtheultrasoundsysteminterpretsandacquiressoundwaves,understandingtheperceivedanatomycanbedifficultatbe
4、st.Knowinghowtheimagesarecreatedcanhelppractitionersdetermineifanimageproducedisanaccuratedepictionoftheanatomyorifartifactsareconfounding(orcontributing)totheacquiredimages.BASICSOUNDInordertounderstanddiagnosticultrasound,soundshouldbethoughtofasmorethanjustthefamiliarsenseofhearing.R
5、ather,soundshouldbethoughtofastheinter-actionofenergyandmatter.Incontradistinctiontoelectromagneticenergy,soundismechanicalenergytransmittedbypressurewavesinamedium,1whichmeansthatsoundexistsintheformofparticlesmovinginamedium.Asoundsource,suchasatuningfork,actslikeapistonpushingwavesof
6、vibrationlongitudinallythroughTheauthorlistedhasidentifiednoprofessionalorfinancialaffiliations.aDepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,ScottsdaleEmergencyAssociates,7400EOsbornAvenue,bScottsdale,AZ85251,USA;TheUniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ85721,USAE-mailaddress:Shrikido@gmail.comCritCareClin30(
7、2014)1–24http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2013.08.004criticalcare.theclinics.com0749-0704/14/$–seefrontmatterÓ2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.2Shrikitissue.Thesoundwaveproducedhasareasofhighpressure(orhighdensity)andlowpressure(orlowdensity).Thehigh-pressureareas(compression)a
