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1、FoundationsofQuantumPhysicsCharlesE.Burkhardt·JacobJ.LeventhalFoundationsofQuantumPhysics123CharlesE.BurkhardtJacobJ.LeventhalSt.LouisCommunityCollegeDepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomyDepartmentofPhysicsUniversityofMissouriSt.Louis,MOSt.Louis,MOUSAUSAcburkhardt@stlcc.edujake@umsl.eduISBN:9
2、78-0-387-77651-4e-ISBN:978-0-387-77652-1DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-77652-1LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008930210c2008SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCAllrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia
3、,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseint
4、hispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.Printedonacid-freepaperspringer.comHelen,Charlie,Sarah,andMichelleBette,Andy,Bradley,Dan,andTinaInlov
5、ingmemoryofSteveLeventhalPrefaceThisbookismeanttobeatextforafirstcourseinquantumphysics.ItisassumedthatthestudenthashadcoursesinModernPhysicsandinmathematicsthroughdifferentialequations.Thebookisotherwiseself-containedanddoesnotrelyonoutsideresourcessuchastheinternettosupplementthemateri
6、al.SIunitsareusedthroughoutexceptforthosetopicsforwhichatomicunitsareespeciallyconvenient.Itisourbeliefthatforaphysicsmajoraquantumphysicstextbookshouldbemorethanaone-ortwo-semesteracquaintance.Consequently,thisbookcontainsmaterialthat,whilegermanetothesubject,theinstructormightchooseto
7、omitbecauseoftimelimitations.Therearetopicsandexamplesincludedthatarenotnormallycoveredinintroductorytextbooks.Thesetopicsarenotnecessarilytooadvanced,theyaresimplynotusuallycovered.Wehavenot,however,presumedtotelltheinstructorwhichtopicsmustbeincludedandwhichmaybeomitted.Itiso
