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1、ExperimentandthefoundationsofquantumphysicsAntonZeilinger*Institutfu¨rExperimentalphysik,UniversityofVienna,Boltzmanngasse5,A-1090Vienna,AustriaInsteadofhavingtorelyongedanken(thought)experiments,itispossibletobasethisdiscussionofthefoundationsofquantumphysicsonactuallyperfo
2、rmedexperimentsbecauseoftheenormousexperimentalprogressinrecentyears.Forreasonsofspace,theauthordiscussesmainlyexperimentsrelatedtotheEinstein-Podolsky-RosenparadoxandBell'stheorem,thatis,toquantumentanglement.Notonlyhavesuchfundamentalexperimentsrealizedmanyhistoricproposal
3、s,theyalsohelpedtosharpenourquantumintuition.Thisrecentlyledtothedevelopmentofanew®eld,quantuminformation,wherequantumteleportationandquantumcomputationaresomeofthemostfascinatingtopics.Finallytheauthorventuresintoadiscussionoffutureprospectsinexperimentandtheory.[S0034-6861
4、(99)03602-8]CONTENTSNow,attheendofthe20thcentury,thesituationhaschangeddramatically.Realexperimentsonthefounda-I.TheBackgroundS288tionsofquantumphysicsabound.ThishasnotonlyII.ADoubleSlitandOneParticleS288givendramaticsupporttotheearlyviews,ithasalsoIII.ADoubleSlitandTwoParti
5、clesS289helpedtosharpenourintuitionwithrespecttoquantumIV.QuantumComplementarityS291phenomena.Mostrecently,experimentationisalreadyV.Einstein-Podolsky-RosenandBell'sInequalityS292applyingsomeofthefundamentalphenomenaincom-VI.QuantumInformationandEntanglementS295pletelynovelw
6、ays.Forexample,quantumcryptographyVII.FinalRemarksandOutlookS296isadirectapplicationofquantumuncertaintyandbothAcknowledgmentsS296quantumteleportationandquantumcomputationareReferencesS297directapplicationsofquantumentanglement,thecon-ceptunderlyingquantumnonlocality(SchroÈd
7、inger,1935).I.THEBACKGROUNDIwilldiscussanumberoffundamentalconceptsinquantumphysicswithdirectreferencetoexperiments.Quantumphysics,achildoftheearly20thcentury,isForthesakeoftheconsistencyofthediscussionandprobablythemostsuccessfuldescriptionofnatureeverbecauseIknowthembestIw
8、illmainlypresentexperi-inventedbyman.Therangeofphenomenaithasbeenmentsperfo
