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2、1.zRomanticperiod2.zWashingtonIrving3.zEdgarAllanPoe4.zNathanialHawthorne5.zWaltWhitman6.zEmilyDickinson7.zII.Realistperiod8.zMarkTwain9.zSherwoodAnderson10.zStephenCrane11.zTheodoreDreiser12.zIII.Modernperiod13.zF.S.Fitzgerald14.zErnestHemingway15.zWilliamFaulkner
3、1.TranscendentalismTranscenden
4、talismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmersonandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800’s,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindividualinspirationandintuition,theOversoul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindiv
5、idualisdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinationofnativeAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism,amoredeliberatekindofrealism,usuallyinvolvesaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Asaliterarymovemen
6、t,naturalismwasinitiatedinFranceanditcametobeledbyZola,whoclaimedat“scientific”statusforhisstudiesofimpoverishedcharactersmiserablysubjectedtohunger,sexualobsession,andhereditarydefects.Naturalfictionaspiredtoasociologicalobjectivity,offeringdetailedandfullyresearchedinvestigationsintounexploredc
7、ornersofmodernsociety.ThemostsignificantworkofnaturalisminEnglishbeingDreiser’sSisterCarrie.3.AmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanypeopleintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthroughhardwork,courageanddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.Thesewerev
8、aluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.4.TheLostGenerationThetermLostGenerationwascoinedbyGertrudeSteintorefertoagroupofAmericanLiterarynotableswholivedinParisfromthetimeperiodwhichsawtheendofWorldWarItothebeginningoftheGreatDepression.Significantmembersin
9、cludedErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,T.S.Eliot,andGertrudeSteinherself.Hemingwaylikelypopularizedtheterm,quotingStein(“Youareallalostgeneration”)asepigraphtohisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.Moregen
