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1、.1.zRomanticperiod2.zWashingtonIrving3.zEdgarAllanPoe4.zNathanialHawthorne5.zWaltWhitman6.zEmilyDickinson7.zII.Realistperiod8.zMarkTwain9.zSherwoodAnderson10.zStephenCrane11.zTheodoreDreiser12.zIII.Modernperiod13.zF.S.Fitzgerald14.zErnestHemingway15.zWilliamFaulkner......1.T
2、ranscendentalismTranscendentalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmersonandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800’s,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindividualinspirationandintuition,theOversoul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludet
3、heideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinationofnativeAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism,amoredeliberatekindofrealism,usuallyinvolvesaviewofhumanbeing
4、saspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Asaliterarymovement,naturalismwasinitiatedinFranceanditcametobeledbyZola,whoclaimedat“scientific”statusforhisstudiesofimpoverishedcharactersmiserablysubjectedtohunger,sexualobsession,andhereditarydefects.Naturalfictionaspi
5、redtoasociologicalobjectivity,offeringdetailedandfullyresearchedinvestigationsintounexploredcornersofmodernsociety.ThemostsignificantworkofnaturalisminEnglishbeingDreiser’sSisterCarrie.3.AmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanypeopleintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthr
6、oughhardwork,courageanddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.4.TheLostGenerationThetermLostGenerationwascoinedbyGertrudeSteintorefertoagroupo
7、fAmericanLiterarynotableswholivedinParisfromthetimeperiodwhichsawtheendofWorldWarItothebeginningoftheGreatDepression.SignificantmembersincludedErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,T.S.Eliot,andGertrudeSteinherself.Hemingwaylikelypopularizedtheterm,quo
8、tingStein(“Youareallalostgeneration”)asepigraphtohisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.Mo
