unit 3 a crime of compassion

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Book6Unit3UnitThreeI.Lead-inMovieClipWatchthefollowingvideoandthendotheexercise.Youcanfindtheinterpretationofsomewordsandphrasesin"WordBank".Book6Unit3.mp4(00:00–02:40)ScriptElephantsurvivaldependsonprofitingfromtheexperienceofmanylifetimes.Thisbabyelephantwasbornlastnight,andthewholeherdseemstowelcomethisnewaddition.Butthemotherisyoungandinexperienced.Thisisherfirstbaby.Ifsheistoproducemilk,amothermustdrink.Andthenewborncalfmustkeepupwithher,astheherdcontinuesontheirlongjourneytofindwater.Aftereightkilometers,thecalfisflagging.Enoughisenough.Theyoungmotherencourageshercalftocontinue,butthereisstillalongwaytogoandthecalfisalreadygettingdehydrated.Theelephantsarenowsoclosetowaterthattheycansmellit.Water,atlast.(FromBBCDocumentaryLife:Mammals)WordBank1.herd:alargegroupofanimals,inthevideoitreferstothegroupofelephantse.g.Thetruckcouldnotmovebecauseaherdofbuffaloeswasblockingtheroad.2.flag:becomelimp,tired,orweake.g.Ifyoubegintoflag,thereisanexcellentcafétoreviveyou.3.dehydrate:tolosewaterfromthebodyExercise1.Thebabyelephant'smotheris_________________.A.oldB.inexperiencedC.sickD.impatient2.Itseemsthebabyelephantcannotwalkanylongerbecause___________.A.itwasjustbornB.ithasn'tdrunkanymilkC.ithaswalkedalongwayD.ithasbeenabandonedbytheherd20 Book6Unit3Key:1.B2.CInspirationalQuotesWhenyouhavegotanelephantbythehindleg,andheistryingtorunaway,it'sbesttolethimrun.—AbrahamLincolnDiscussionDoyouagreethatthebestwaytoprotectanendangeredanimalistokeepitinazooandtakegoodcareofit?Why?II.TextIPre-readingQuestions1.Ifyouhaveeverwitnessedthesufferingsofadyingperson,tellusthefeelingsthatthesceneevokedfromyou.2.Doyouthinkdoctorsandnursesshoulddoeverythingwithintheirmeanstotrytosaveaterminallyillpatientevenwhentheyknowclearlyalltheireffortswouldmeannothingmorethanprolonginghissuffering?GeneralReadingI.Determinewhichofthefollowingbeststatesthepurposeofthewriting.A.Torecountherhorrifyingexperienceofcaringforaterminallyillpatient.B.Tomakeanappealforaterminallyillpatient'srighttodie.C.Todemandthatnursesbegiventherighttoissuea"no-code"order.Key:B20 Book6Unit3II.Judgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.1.WhenMacenteredthehospital,hewasapparentlyanormalpersonexceptforanenduringcough.2.Despitehisworseningcondition,Macstillhadastrongwishtolive.3.Themedicalcommunityisdividedonwhetherapatient'slifeshouldbeextendedaslongaspossibleunderallcircumstances.4.Itcanbeinferredfromtheessaythatdoctors,notnurses,havetherighttogivea"no-codeorder".5.InMaura'seyes,Huttmannwasamurdererfornotpushingthecodebluebuttonintime.Key:1.T2.F3.T4.T5.FBackgroundNotes1.thePhilDonahueshow:ThePhilDonahueShow,alsoknownasDonahue,isanAmericantelevisiontalkshowthatranfor26yearsonnationaltelevision.ItsrunwasprecededbythreeyearsoflocalbroadcastinDayton,Ohio,anditwasbroadcastnationwidebetween1967and1996.2.codeblue:Hospitalemergencycodesareusedinhospitalsworldwidetoalertstafftovariousemergencysituations.Theuseofcodesisintendedtoconveyessentialinformationquicklyandwithaminimumofmisunderstandingtostaff.TextStudyTextACrimeofCompassionBarbaraHuttmann20 Book6Unit31"Murderer,"amanshouted."Godhelppatientswhogetyouforanurse."2"WhatgivesyoutherighttoplayGod?"anotheroneasked.3ItwasthePhilDonahueshowwheretheguestisafattedcalfandtheaudiencea200-strongflockofvultureshungeringtopickatthebones.IhadtoldthemaboutMac,oneofmyfavoritecancerpatients."Weresuscitatedhim52timesinjustonemonth.Irefusedtoresuscitatehimagain.Isimplysatthereandheldhishandwhilehedied."4Therewasn'ttimetoexplainthatMacwasayoung,wittymachocopwhowalkedintothehospitalwith32poundsofattackequipment,lookingasifhecouldsingle-handedlyprotectthewholecity,ifnottheentirestate."Can'tgetridofthiscough,"hesaid.Otherwise,hefeltgreat.5Beforethedaywasover,testsconfirmedthathehadlungcancer.Andbeforetheyearwasover,Ilovedhim,hiswife,Maura,andtheirthreekidsasiftheyweremyown.Allthenurseslovedhim.Andweallbattledhisdiseaseforsixmonthswithoutevergivingdeathathought.Sixmonthsisn'tsuchalongtimeinthewholeschemeofthings,butitwaslongenoughtoseehimlosehisyouth,hiswit,hismacho,hishair,hisbowelandbladdercontrol,hissenseoftasteandsmell,andhisabilitytodotheslightestthingforhimself.ItwaslongenoughtowatchMaura'stransformationfromayoungwomanintoahaggard,beatenoldlady.6WhenMachadwastedawaytoa60-poundskeletonkeptalivebyliquidfoodwepoureddownatube,i.v.solutionswedrippedintohisveins,andoxygenwepipedtoamaskonhisface,hebeggedus:"Mercy...forGod'ssake,pleasejustletmego."7Thefirsttimehestoppedbreathing,thenursepushedthebuttonthatcallsa"codeblue"throughoutthehospitalandsendsateamrushingtoresuscitatethepatient.Eachtimehestoppedbreathing,sometimestwoorthreetimesinoneday,thecodeteamcameagain.Thedoctorsandtechniciansworkedtheirmiraclesandwalkedaway.Thenursesstayedtowipethesalivathatdrooledfromhismouth,irrigatethebigcratersofbedsoresthatcoveredhiships,suctionthelungfluidsthatthreatenedtodrownhim,cleanthefecesthatburnhisskinlikelye,pourtheliquidfooddownthattubeattachedhisstomach,putpillowsbetweenhiskneestoeasethebone-on-bonepain,turnhimeveryhourtokeepthebedsoresfromgettingworse,andchangehisgownandlineneverytwohourstokeephimfrombeingsoakedinperspiration.8AtnightIwenthomeandtriedtoscrubawaythesmellofdecayingfleshthatseemedwovenintothefabricofmyuniform.Itwasinmyhair,theupholsteryofmycar—therewasnowashingitaway.AndeverynightIprayedthatMacwoulddie,thathisagonizedeyeswouldneveragainpleadwithmetolethimdie.9EverymorningIaskedhisdoctorfora"no-code"order.Withoutthatorder,wehadtoresuscitateeverypatientwhostoppedbreathing.Hisdoctorwasoneofseveralwhobelievewemustextendlifeaslongaswehavethemeansandknowledgetodoit.Tonotdoitistobeliablefornegligence,atleastintheeyesofmanypeople,includingsomenurses.Ithoughtaboutwhatitwouldbeliketostandbeforeajudge,accusedofmurder,ifMacstoppedbreathingandIdidn'tcallacode.10Andafterthefifty-secondcode,whenMacwasstilllucidenoughtobegfordeathagain,andMaurawascrumbledinmyarmsagain,andwhennoamountofpainmedicationstilledhismoaningandagony,Iwonderedaboutaspiritualjudge.Wasallthismiseryandsufferingsupposedtobebuildingcharacterorinfusingusallwiththesenseofhumilitythatcomesfromimpotence?11Hadwe,thewholemedicalcommunity,becomesoarrogantthatwebelievedintheillusion20 Book6Unit3ofsalvationthroughscience?Hadwebecomesoself-righteousthatwethoughtmeddlinginGod'sworkwasourduty,ourmoralimperativeandlegalobligation?Didwereallybelievethatwehadtherighttoforce"life"onasufferingmanwhohadbeggedfortherighttodie?12SuchquestionshauntedmemorethaneverearlyonemorningwhenMaurawenthometochangeherclothesandIwasbathingMac.Hehadbeenstillforsolong,Ithoughtheatlasthadtheblessedreliefofcoma.Thenheopenedhiseyesandmoaned,"Pain...nomore...Barbara...dosomething...God,letmego."13Thedesperationinhiseyesandvoiceriddledmewithguilt."I'llstop,"ItoldhimasIinjectedthepainmedication.14IsatonthebedandheldMac'shandsinmine.Hepressedhisbonyfingersagainstmyhandandmuttered,"Thanks."ThentherewasonesoftsighandIfelthishandsgocoldinmine."Mac?"Iwhispered,asIwaitedforhischesttoriseandfallagain.15Aclutchofpanicbandedmychest,drewmyfingertothecodebutton,urgedmetodosomething,anything...butsittherealonewithdeath.Ikeptonefingeronthebutton,withoutpressingit,asawaxenpallorslowlytransformedhisfacefrompersontoemptyshell.NothingI'veeverdoneinmy47yearshastakensomucheffortasittooknottopressthatcodebutton.16Eventually,whenIwassureasIcouldbethatthecodeteamwouldfailtobringhimback,Ienteredthelegaltwilightzoneandpushedthebutton.Theteamtried.Andwhiletheyweretrying,Maurawalkedintotheroomandshrieked,"No...don'tletthemdothistohim...forGod'ssake...please,nomore."17Cradlingherinmyarmswaslikecradlingmyself,Mac,andallthosepatientsandnurseswhohadbeeninthisplacebefore,whodothebesttheycaninadeath-denyingsociety.18SoaTVaudienceaccusedmeofmurder.PerhapsIamguilty.Ifadoctorhadwrittenano-codeorder,whichistheonlylegalalternative,wouldhehavefeltanylessguilty?Untilthereislegislationmakingitacriminalacttocodeapatientwhohasrequestedtherighttodie,wewillallofusriskthesamefateasMac.Forwhateverreason,wedevelopedthemeanstoprolonglife,andnowweareforcedtouseit.Wedonothavetherighttodie.WordsandPhrases1.self-righteousadj.havingacertainty,especiallyanunfoundedone,thatoneistotallycorrectorsuperior2.meddlein:interfereine.g.Youngpeopletodaydonotliketheirparentstomeddleintheirlives.meddlewith—touchorhandlesth.withoutpermissione.g.Youcanusemyroombutyou'renotsupposedtomeddlewithmystuffs,especiallymycomputer.Notes1.toplayGod:tofunctionasGod,i.e.todecidewhentoterminateaperson'slife.ChristiansbelievethatonlyGodhastherighttodecidewhenaperson'slifeshouldend.2.WhenMachadwastedawaytoa60-poundskeleton:WhenMachadbeenreducedtoa60-poundskeleton20 Book6Unit3wasteaway—(ofapersonorapartofthebody)becomeprogressivelyweakerandmoreemaciatede.g.SheisdyingofAIDS,visiblywastingaway.1.i.v.solutions:"i.v."istheabbreviationof"intravenous",meaning"withinavein",and"i.v.solutions"referstotheliquidsubstancesinfuseddirectlyintotheveinofapatientfortherapeuticpurposes.2.irrigatethebigcratersofbedsores:Theverb"irrigate"normallymeans"tosupplywatertolandorcropstohelpgrowth."Inmedicine,thewordcanbeusedtomean"toapplyacontinuousflowofwaterormedicationtoanorganorawound."5.suctionthelungfluidsthatthreatenedtodrownhim:draintheexcessivelungfluidsthatthreatenhislife6.thatseemedwovenintothefabricofmyuniform:thatseemedtohavebecomeanelementofthefabricofmyuniformweavesth.into—includesth.asanintegralpartorelement(ofafabric);includeanelementinastory,anartisticwork,etc.e.g.Somegoldenthreadsarewovenintothefabric.ArgumentativeparagraphsarenaturallywovenintoHuttmann'snarration.7.tobeliablefornegligence:tobeheldresponsibleforfailingtoperformmydutybeliablefor—toberesponsibleforbylaw,tobelegallyanswerabletobeliableto—belikelytodoortobesomething,likelytoexperiencesth.(unpleasant)e.g.Onceyouhavecontactedthecreditcardprotectionscheme,youarenolongerliableforanylossthatmightoccur.Heissufferingfromhypertensionandthusisliabletofallifhegetsuptoosuddenly.Thelow-lyingareasareliabletofloodsduringtherainyseason.8.whennoamountofpainmedicationstilledhismoaningandagony:whenhispainwassoacutethatnomatterhowmuchpain-relievingmedicationwasused,hissufferingcouldnotbeeasedstillvt.&vi.e.g.Heclappedhishandstostilltheagitatedaudience.Whennightfell,thevillagewhichwasboisterouswithtouristsinthedaytimestilled.9.Iwonderedaboutaspiritualjudge.:Iwonderediftherewasaspiritualjudge(asagainstalegaljudge),whowouldbesupportiveofmydecisionnottopushthecodebluebutton,thustoputanendtoallthis.10.buildingcharacter:developinghispersonalqualities(sothathecouldfaceuptotheadversitybetter)20 Book6Unit35.theblessedreliefofcoma:Comareferstoastateofdeepunconsciousnessthatlastsforaprolongedperiod,causedespeciallybysevereinjuryorillness.Wheninacoma,thepatientisnotconsciousofanypain.That'swhyHuttmannthinksitisablessedrelief.6.riddledmewithguilt:filledmewithastrongsenseofguiltTheverbriddleheremeans"fillorpermeatesb.orsth.esp.withsth.unpleasantorundesirable".7.Aclutchofpanicbandedmychest:IwassoseizedbypanicthatIfeltsimplysuffocatedclutchn.—graspbandv.—surround(anobject)withsth.intheformofastriporring,typicallyforreinforcementordecoration(usu.bebanded)e.g.Thedoorstothewarehouseareallbandedwithirontomakethemstronger.8.awaxenpallorslowlytransformedhisfacefrompersontoemptyshell:theunhealthilypalecolourofhisfaceindicatedthathewassinking9.thelegaltwilightzone:Twilightzonereferstoasituationofconfusionoruncertainty,whichseemstoexistbetweentwodifferentstatesorcategories.ThusthelegaltwilightzoneHuttmannsayssheenteredherereferstothesituationinwhichheractionofpushingthebuttontocallcodebluecanbedeemedeitherlegalornotlegal.10.adeath-denyingsociety:asocietywhereitsmembersarenotgiventherighttodie11.Untilthereislegislationmakingitacriminalacttocodeapatientwhohasrequestedtherighttodie...:Untilitbecomeslawthatitisacriminalacttocallaresuscitationteamtosaveapatientwhohasvoluntarilyaskedfortherighttodie...Questions1.Thereseemstobeacontradictioninthetitle"ACrimeofCompassion".Whatisit?Key:Therearevariouskindsofcrimes,butcriminalscanbeanythingbutcompassionate.Itishardlypossibletoassociatecompassionwithanycrimeandbeingcompassionatewithacriminal.2.Huttmannbeginsheressaywithametaphor.Locateitandthenexplainit.(para.3)Key:Thefirstsentenceofpara.3:ItwasthePhilDonahueshowwheretheguestisafattedcalfandtheaudiencea200-strongflockofvultureshungeringtopickatthebones.Huttmannlikensherself(theguestofthetalkshow)toafattedcalf,andtheaudiencetoaflockofmorethan200vultureshungeringtopickatthebones.WiththemetaphorsheintendstotellthereaderthatthewayshehandledthecaseofMacwasstronglydisapprovedofbythegeneralpublic,andthattheconceptofmercykillingwasunacceptabletothem.3.WhereintheessaycanwefinddescriptionsofMac'sconditionwhenhewasbeingtreated?WhydoyouthinkHuttmannisbeingsospecificanddetailed?(paras.6&7)20 Book6Unit3Key:Mostlyinpara.6,andthelatterpartofpara.7.ShegivessuchdetailedandspecificdescriptionsofMac'sconditiontomakevividtothereaderthehorrifyingsufferingsMachadtoendure,ultimatelytosupportherargumentthatapatientinsuchconditionshouldbegiventherighttodieifheshouldsorequest.1.WasitadifficultdecisionforHuttmanntomakenottopushthebuttonintime?(para.15)Key:Obviouslyitwas,assherelatesinpara.15"NothingI'veeverdoneinmy47yearshastakensomucheffortasittooknottopressthatcodebutton."2.WheredoesHuttmannstateherthesis?(para.18)Key:Inthelastparagraph:Untilthereislegislationmakingitacriminalacttocodeapatientwhohasrequestedtherighttodie,wewillallofusriskthesamefateasMac.Forwhateverreason,wedevelopedthemeanstoprolonglife,andnowweareforcedtouseit.Wedonothavetherighttodie.Activity1.InthePhilDonahueShowHuttmannasaguestwasaccusedofmurderbymost,ifnotall,oftheaudiencewithregardtoMac'sdeath.PutyourselfinHuttmann'spositionandgiveatalktodefendyourself.SentencepatternsforyourreferenceItappearsthat...but...Ifyouhad...youwould...Duetothereasons...2.ThirtyyearsafterthepublicationofHuttmann'sessay,euthanasiaisstillanunsettledissueintoday'sworld.Formtwogroups,oneforlegitimizingeuthanasiaandtheotheragainstit,andhaveadebateontheissue.SentencepatternsforyourreferenceWeholdthat...because...Nevertheless...Tosumup,...OrganizationandDevelopmentArgumentativeNarrationWhatIsArgumentativeNarrationIfanessayisbasicallyanargumentativeoneandthechiefmeansusedforargumentationisnarration,itiscalledargumentativenarration.TextAnalysisHuttmannbeginstheessaywiththeincidentthattheTVaudiencelodgedstrongaccusationsagainstherformurderingapatientshewassupposedtocarefor.Butherresponsedoesnotfollow20 Book6Unit3immediately.Shewithholdsherresponsetotheaccusationuntilthelastparagraph,wheretheaudience'saccusationofherismentionedagain,andherargumentispresented.Mostoftheessayisdevotedtothenarrationofthepainfuldyingprocessofaterminallyillcancerpatient,whichshewitnessed.Basedonthenarratedincidentherargumentseemsonlyanaturalconclusion.III.TextIITextStudyTextAHangingGeorgeOrwell1ItwasinBurma,asoddenmorningoftherains.Wewerewaitingoutsidethecondemnedcells,arowofshedsfrontedwithdoublebars,likesmallanimalcages.Eachcellmeasuredabouttenfeetbytenandwasquitebarewithinexceptforaplankbedandapotfordrinkingwater.Insomeofthembrownsilentmenweresquattingattheinnerbars,withtheirblanketsdrapedroundthem.Thesewerethecondemnedmen,duetobehangedwithinthenextweekortwo.2Oneprisonerhadbeenbroughtoutofhiscell.HewasaHindu,apunywispofaman,withashavenheadandvagueliquideyes.SixtallIndianwarderswereguardinghimandgettinghimreadyforthegallows.Twoofthemstoodbywithriflesandfixedbayonets,whiletheothershandcuffedhim,passedachainthroughhishandcuffsandfixedittotheirbelts,andlashedhisarmstightlytohissides.Theycrowdedverycloseabouthim,withtheirhandsalwaysonhiminacareful,caressinggrip,asthoughallthewhilefeelinghimtomakesurehewasthere.Buthestoodquiteunresisting,yieldinghisarmslimplytotheropes,asthoughhehardlynoticedwhatwashappening.3Eighto'clockstruckandabuglecallfloatedfromthedistantbarracks.Thesuperintendentofthejail,whowasstandingapartfromtherestofus,moodilyproddingthegravelwithhisstick,raisedhisheadatthesound."ForGod'ssakehurryup,Francis,"hesaidirritably."Themanoughttohavebeendeadbythistime.Aren'tyoureadyyet?"4Francis,theheadjailer,afatDravidianinawhitedrillsuitandgoldspectacles,wavedhisblackhand."Yessir,yessir,"hebubbled."Allissatisfactorilyprepared.Thehangmaniswaiting.Weshallproceed."5"Well,quickmarch,then.Theprisonerscan'tgettheirbreakfasttillthisjob'sover."6Wesetoutforthegallows.Twowardersmarchedoneithersideoftheprisoner,withtheirriflesattheslope;twoothersmarchedcloseagainsthim,grippinghimbyarmandshoulder,asthoughatoncepushingandsupportinghim.Therestofus,magistratesandthelike,followedbehind.7Itwasaboutfortyyardstothegallows.Iwatchedthebarebrownbackoftheprisonermarchinginfrontofme.Hewalkedclumsilywithhisboundarms,butquitesteadily.Ateachstephismusclesslidneatlyintoplace,thelockofhaironhisscalpdancedupanddown,hisfeetprintedthemselvesonthewetgravel.Andonce,inspiteofthemenwhogrippedhimbyeach20 Book6Unit3shoulder,hesteppedslightlyasidetoavoidapuddleonthepath.8Itiscurious,buttillthatmomentIhadneverrealizedwhatitmeanstodestroyahealthy,consciousman.WhenIsawtheprisonerstepasidetoavoidthepuddleIsawthemystery,theunspeakablewrongness,ofcuttingalifeshortwhenitisinfulltide.Thismanwasnotdying,hewasalivejustaswearealive.Alltheorgansofhisbodywereworking—bowelsdigestingfood,skinrenewingitself,nailsgrowing,tissuesforming—alltoilingawayinsolemnfoolery.Hisnailswouldstillbegrowingwhenhestoodonthedrop,whenhewasfallingthroughtheairwithatenthofasecondtolive.Hiseyessawtheyellowgravelandthegraywalls,andhisbrainstillremembered,foresaw,reasoned—reasonedevenaboutpuddles.Heandwewereapartyofmenwalkingtogether,seeing,hearing,feeling,understandingthesameworld;andintwominutes,withasuddensnap,oneofuswouldbegone—onemindless,oneworldless.9Thegallowsstoodinasmallyard.Thehangman,agray-hairedconvictinthewhiteuniformoftheprison,waswaitingbesidehismachine.Hegreeteduswithaservilecrouchasweentered.AtawordfromFrancisthetwowarders,grippingtheprisonermorecloselythanever,halfledhalfpushedhimtothegallowsandhelpedhimclumsilyuptheladder.Thenthehangmanclimbedupandfixedtheropearoundtheprisoner'sneck.10Westoodwaiting,fiveyardsaway.Thewardershadformedaroughcircleroundthegallows.Andthen,whenthenoosewasfixed,theprisonerbegancryingouttohisgod.Itwasahigh,reiteratedcryof"Ram!Ram!Ram!Ram!"noturgentandfearfullikeaprayeroracryforhelp,butsteady,rhythmical,almostlikethetollingofabell.11Thehangmanclimbeddownandstoodready,holdingthelever.Minutesseemedtopass.Thesteadycryingfromtheprisonerwentonandon,"Ram!Ram!Ram!"neverfalteringforaninstant.Thesuperintendent,hisheadonhischest,wasslowlypokingthegroundwithhisstick;perhapshewascountingthecries,allowingtheprisonerafixednumber—fifty,perhaps,orahundred.Everyonehadchangedcolor.TheIndianshadgonegraylikebadcoffee,andoneortwoofthebayonetswerewavering.12Suddenlythesuperintendentmadeuphismind.Throwinguphisheadhemadeaswiftmotionwithhisstick."Chalo!"heshoutedalmostfiercely.13Therewasaclankingnoise,andthendeadsilence.Theprisonerhadvanished,andtheropewastwistingonitself.Wewentroundthegallowstoinspecttheprisoner'sbody.Hewasdanglingwithhistoespointingstraightdownward.Veryslowlyrevolving,asdeadasastone.14Thesuperintendentreachedoutwithhisstickandpokedthebarebrownbody;itoscillatedslightly."He'sallright,"saidthesuperintendent.Hebackedoutfromunderthegallows,andblewoutadeepbreath.Themoodylookhadgoneoutofhisfacequitesuddenly.Heglancedathiswristwatch."Eightminutespasteight.Well,that'sallforthismorning,thankGod."15Thewardersunfixedbayonetsandmarchedaway.Wewalkedoutofthegallowsyard,pastthecondemnedcellswiththeirwaitingprisoners,intothebigcentralyardoftheprison.Theconvictswerealreadyreceivingtheirbreakfast.Theysquattedinlongrows,eachmanholdingatinpannikin,whiletwowarderswithbucketsmarchroundladlingoutrice;itseemedquiteahomely,jollyscene,afterthehanging.Anenormousreliefhadcomeuponusnowthatthejobwasdone.Onefeltanimpulsetosing,tobreakintoarun,tosnigger.Allatonceeveryonebeganchatteringgaily.16TheEurasianboywalkingbesidemenoddedtowardthewaywehadcome,withaknowingsmile:"Doyouknowsir,ourfriend[hemeantthedeadman]whenheheardhisappealhadbeen20 Book6Unit3dismissed,hepissedonthefloorofhiscell.Fromfright.Kindlytakeoneofmycigarettes,sir.Doyounotadmiremynewsilvercase,sir?ClassyEuropeanstyle."17Severalpeoplelaughed—atwhat,nobodyseemedcertain.18Franciswaswalkingbythesuperintendent,talkinggarrulously:"Well,sir,allhaspassedoffwiththeutmostsatisfactoriness.Itwasallfinished—flick!likethat.Itisnotalwaysso—oahno!Ihaveknowncaseswherethedoctorwasobligedtogobeneaththegallowsandpulltheprisoner'slegstoensuredecease.Mostdisagreeable."19"Wrigglingabout,eh?That'sbad,"saidthesuperintendent.20"Ach,sir,itisworsewhentheybecomerefractory!Oneman,Irecall,clungtothebarsofhiscagewhenwewenttotakehimout.Youwillscarcelycredit,sir,thatittooksixwarderstodislodgehim,threepullingateachleg."21IfoundthatIwaslaughingquiteloudly.Everyonewaslaughing.Eventhesuperintendentgrinnedinatolerantway."You'dbetterallcomeandhaveadrink,"hesaidquitegenially."I'vegotabottleofwhiskeyinthecar.Wecoulddowithit."22Wewentthroughthebigdoublegatesoftheprisonintotheroad."Pullingathislegs!"exclaimedaBurmesemagistratesuddenly,andburstintoaloudchuckling.Weallbeganlaughingagain.AtthatmomentFrancis'anecdoteseemedextraordinarilyfunny.Weallhadadrinktogether,nativeandEuropeanalike,quiteamicably.Thedeadmanwasahundredyardsaway.WordsandPhrases1.Hindu:apersonwhobelievesinandpracticesHinduism,areligioustraditionofIndianorigin2.thedrop:thetrapdooronthegallows,theopeningofwhichcausestheprisonertofallandthusbehangedNotes1.asoddenmorningoftherains:anextremelywetmorningintherainyseason.Insomepartsoftheworldrainonlyfallsincertainseasons,asinIndia;thisrainisreferredtoasrains.2.condemnedcells:aprisoncellforsomeonewhoisgoingtobeexecuted(British)1.quickmarch:Thisisamilitarycommandtotellthesoldierstowalkormarchfastinanorderly,neatandregularmanner.2.attheslope:Military(ofarifle)heldwiththebarrelontheleftshoulderandthebuttinthelefthand3.hisfeetprintedthemselvesonthewetgravel:heleftfootprintsbehindonthewetgravel4.alltoilingawayinsolemnfoolery:alltheseorganswerefunctioningnormallyasusualbutinasillyway,foralltheireffortswouldgotowasteastheirownerwastobehangedsoonComprehension20 Book6Unit3I.Answerthefollowingmultiple-choicequestions.1.Whenhewastakenoutofthecondemnedcell,theprisonerappearedtobe_________.A.fearfulB.resignedC.calmD.pitiable2.Whenmarchingtheprisonertothegallows,theauthorwaspreoccupiedwith________.A.theman'smannerofwalkingB.theman'sthoughtsatthatmomentC.theimpendingexecutionD.theworthofhumanlives3.Afterthemanwashanged,allthosepresentfelt_____.A.relievedB.sorrowfulC.satisfiedD.excited4.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatwithregardstocapitalpunishment________.A.OrwelladoptedanindifferentattitudeB.OrwelltookthemiddlegroundC.OrwellwassupportiveofitD.OrwellwasopposedtoitKey:1.B2.D3.A4.DII.Discussthefollowingquestions.1.Howwasthemannerofthewarderscontrastedwiththatofthecondemnedprisonerbeforetheexecution?2.WhydoesOrwelldescribevividlytheprisoner'sphysiqueinpara.7,notingeventheminutefactthat"hesteppedslightlyasidetoavoidapuddleonthepath"?3.Howdidtheatmospherechangeafterthehanging?4.InwhichparagraphsisOrwell'sattitudetowardscapitalpunishmentsuggested?5.Whatisyourviewoncapitalpunishment?Doyouthinkitshouldbeupheldorabolished?Key:1.Thewardersappearedtobequitetense,grippingtheprisonbythearmandtheshouldertomakesurethathewasrightthere;incontrast,theprisonerseemedcalmandrelaxed,unresistingwithhisarmslimplyintheropes,andlaterwalkedquitesteadilytowardsthegallows.2.Orwellintendstoimplythattheprisoner,whoselifewouldsoonbeterminated,wasalivelikeanyoneelse,andthathecouldreasonaswellasanyoneelse.3.Afterthehangingeverythingseemedtoreturntonormal:breakfastfortheprisonerswasserved,thewarderscrackedjokestoeachotherinajollymanner,asifnothingspeciallikecuttinganenergeticlifeshorthadhappened.4.Inparagraphs7and8.5.Opentodiscussion.IV.ParagraphWritingWritingTechnique20 Book6Unit3BodyParagraphsPurposeofBodyParagraphsTheideas,facts,details,andexamplesenclosedinthebodyparagraphsaredesignedtosupportanddevelopthecentralpointstatedintheopening.Thebodyparagraphsinanessaymayvaryinnumberdependingonthesubjectmatterandthepurposeforwriting.Whilethebodyparagraphsrelatedirectlytothethesisstatementintheopening,eachparagraphhasitsownmainideatohighlightandinformationtosupportthatmainidea.StrategiesofWritingBodyParagraphsEssaysemployanumberofrhetoricalstrategies,eachofwhichdescribesaparticularformofdevelopmentorarrangementofideas.Onlyrarelyisanyoneofthesestrategiesemployedalone.Instead,theyarealmostalwaysusedinacombinationsuitedtothesubjectmatter—oftenalongwithoneoranotheroftheprimarymodesofdiscourseaswell.Remember,theaimofanessayisinvariablyaclearpresentationorexplanationofideas.Youmaybaseyourchoiceofastrategyorstrategiesuponseveralfactors:yourwritingpurpose,thecentralpointofyouressay,yourintendedaudience,andyourviewpointasawriter.ExampleAnessayofmultipleparagraphsmakesitpossibleforyoutodecideflexiblyhowtoapplyandblendstrategieswhenyouwriteanessay.Forexample,supposeyouwantedtocomparelifeinalargecitywiththatinasmalltown.Inonlyasingleparagraph,youwouldhavetofocusonafewmajorsimilaritiesanddifferencesandcoverthesebriefly.However,inanessay,youmightevendevoteanentirebodyparagraphtosimilaritiesandanother,differences.Youmightevendevoteathirdtoanotherstrategy—drawingananalogy,forinstance,orrelatingananecdote.GuidelinesforChoosingBodyParagraphStrategiesWhenyouwriteanessay,youcancombinestrategiestosuityourpurpose,contentandaudience.Usethefollowingguidelinestochooseastrategyorcombinationofstrategieswisely.llConsideryourwritingpurpose.Certainstrategiesareespeciallyappropriateforaccomplishingparticularpurposes.Forexample,forinformativeorpersuasiveessays,factsandexamplescansupportyourideasandacompare/contrastorcause/effectstrategycanhelpexplainthem.Foradescriptiveessay,youwillwanttousedescription,perhapsincombinationwithanalogy.llConsiderthecomplexityofyourideasandinformationandtheknowledgelevelofyouraudience.Examplesanddefinitionshelptoclarifydifficultcontent.Classification,too,canmakecomplicatedcontenteasiertofollow.Ananalogycanbehelpfulaslongastheanalogyisclearandsound.llStayfocusedonyourcentralpoint.Strategiesshouldhelptoconveythecentralpointofanessaywithoutdistractingreaders.Forexample,narrationcaneffectivelyrevealaspectsofsomeone'spersonality,ifyou20 Book6Unit3choosearelevantstoryoranecdote.However,ifthecentralpointofyouressayishowkindheartedyourcousinis,then,storiesoranecdotesshouldreflectthistrait.Ananecdotethatdealswith,say,yourcousin'sloveofmusicwillblurthefocusofyouressayatthispoint.llPutyourselfinthereader'splace.Ifyouarenotsurewhetherthestrategyorstrategiesyouhavechosenarethe"best"touse,trytoviewyourcontentasareaderratherthanasawriter.Suppose,forexample,youareplanninganessaytopersuadereadersthatcollegecoursesshouldbegradedonapass/failbasis.Whatapproachwouldbemostlikelytoconvinceareader?Factsandexamples?Ananalogy?Someotherstrategy?Viewingmattersfromthereader'svantagepointmayhelpyouchooseyourapproach.llBeflexible.Makeyourwritingricherandmoreexpressivebyexperimentingwithdifferentstrategiesanddifferentcombinationsofstrategies.Forexample,inaninformativeessayabouthowexerciseimprovesmuscletoneeveninelderlypeople,youmightusenarrationtotellaboutaspecificelderlyperson'simprovedstrengthafterbeginninganexerciseprogram.CoherenceinBodyParagraphsCoherenceinanessaycanbecreatedbycarefullyorganizingmainideasandsupportinginformationinthebodyparagraphs.Methodsoforganizationincludechronologicalorder,spatialorder,andorderofimportanceorinterest.Youcanalsocreatecoherenceinanessaybyusingtransitionstojoinideasandinformationtocreateasmoothflow.ExerciseReadtheessayandwriteout:thethesisstatementintheopeningaswellasthemainideaandsupportinginformationineachofthebodyparagraphs:LearningontheJobWhenIwenttoworkpart-timeforCarlton'sConstructionConcepts,Iexpectedtolearnabouthomerenovation,butthejobalsotaughtmeagreatdealaboutmyself.Carlton'sisasix-personconstructioncompanythatspecializedinrenovatingolderhouses.Duringaparticularlybusytime,Carlton'swaslookingforanextrapairofhands.Thisjobofferedmoremoneythananythingelseavailabletomeatthetime.EventhoughIhadlimitedexperience,Ihadnotroublegettingthejob.WilliamCarlton,thecompany'sowner,ismyuncle.Atfirst,Ithoughtmyeducationwouldbelimitedtocarpentryandrelatedmatters.Indeed,myco-workerstaughtmehowtoputininsulation,howtoattachsheetrock,howtoinstallwindowsanddoors,andhowtousetoolsthatI'dneverknownexisted.Ialsofurtheredmyeducationbywatchingelectriciansrunwires,plumbersjoinpipes,andmasonsbuildbricksteps.Severalmonthsofconstructionworkcausedmetorealizesomethingunexpectedaboutmyself:Ilikeddoinghands-onphysicallabor.BeforecomingtoCarlton's,I'dalwaysassumedthatmyultimateemploymentdestinationwouldbeachairbehindadesk,notaladderagainstabeam.Who'dhavethoughtthatpoundingnailsandsawingwoodwouldhavemademethishappy?20 Book6Unit3Ilearnedsomethingelseaboutmyselftoo,somethingprobablyevenmoreimportant.Ilovedbeingpartofa"team."BeforeworkingwithCarlton'screw,everyjobI'deverheldrequiredessentiallyanindependenteffort.Forexample,I'dworkedasadepartmentstoresalesperson,asacashierinacoffeeshop,andasadriverforadeliveryservice.Doinghomeconstructiondayafterdaywithsixotherpeoplemademefeelmorepersonallyinvolvedinmyworkthaneverbefore.Ialsofeltasthoughmycontributiontotheteameffortreallymattered,afeelingthathadbeenmissingfrommypreviousjobs.It'sfunnyhowsomeoflife'smostmeaningfullessonsoccursounexpectedly.I'mtrulygratefultomyuncleforprovidingalearningexperiencethat'sprovedmoresignificantthaneitherofuscouldhaveimagined．Key:Opening(para.1)Thesisstatement:Iexpectedtolearnabouthomerenovation,butthejobalsotaughtmeagreatdealaboutmyself.Para.2Mainidea:Ilearnedmorethancarpentryonthejob.Supportinginformation:Ilearnedfrommanyco-workers,includingelectricians,plumbers,etc.Para.3Mainidea:Irealizedsomethingimportantaboutmyself.Supportinginformation:Doinghands-onphysicallabormademehappy.Para.4Mainidea:Ilearnedtoworkonateam.Supportinginformation:Workingindependentlyandworkingonateamgavemedifferentfeelings,andthelatterwasbetter.WritingPracticeWriteanessayofabout300wordson"WhyDoWeProtectAnimals".Statethereasonsbrieflybutclearlyinyouropeninganddevelopyourbodyparagraphsaroundthosereasons.Hints:Toaddressthetitlequestion,youneedtocomeupwithshortanswersasthethesisstatementintheopening.Considerusingwordsorphrasesinsteadoflongsentences.Forexample,"Weprotectanimalsforecological,economic,andemotionalreasons".Thencreateyourbodyparagraphsasmoreelaborateanswers.Intheaboveexample,youneedtowritethreebodyparagraphstoexplainwhat"ecological,economic,andemotional"reasonsyoumean.Employconcreteexamplestosupportyourarguments.V.ComprehensiveExercisesListeningAudioClip20 Book6Unit3Book6Unit3.mp3(00:00–01:38)ExerciseListentothefollowingtalkandfillinthefollowingblankswithinformationfromthetalk.Thepterosaurwasaflyingdinosaurthatcouldweigh(1)_______pounds.Howitgotoffthe(2)_______isamysterytomanyscientists.Manyofthembelievedthatit(3)_______intotheairlikea(4)_______,butascientistfromtheJohnsHopkinsUniversitybelievesthatitleaptintotheairoffall(5)_______legs.Hesaidthatunlikebirds,pterosaurshaddifferentbody(6)_______.Birdshavestronger(7)_______legswhereaspterosaurshadstrongerfrontlegs.Whenlaunchingintotheair,thepterosaur's(8)_______movedbeforethearms,enablingthecreaturetobeintheairinlessthana(9)_______,whichwas(10)_______inaworldfilledwithtyrannosaurs.Key:(1)500(2)ground(3)leapt/launched(4)bird(5)four(6)structures(7)hind(8)legs(9)second(10)handyTranslationEnglish-ChineseTranslation1.Therewasn'ttimetoexplainthatMacwasayoung,wittymachocopwhowalkedintothehospitalwith32poundsofattackequipment,lookingasifhecouldsingle-handedlyprotectthewholecity,ifnottheentirestate.译文：没有时间解释迈克是个多么身强力壮、头脑灵活的年轻警官。他走进医院的时候带着32磅重的武器装备，看上去能以一己之力保护整座城市，甚至整个州。讲解：这句话比较长，包含多层意思，我们通常要用拆译法，比如将这里的定语从句单独译成一句。在翻译explain时，使用了加译法（“多么……”），使之更符合汉语的表达习惯。另外，末尾的ifnot...（=evenifnot...）如果直译，应该是“即使……”，但可以灵活转译成“甚至……”，使整句表达更加流畅。2.Sixmonthsisn'tsuchalongtimeinthewholeschemeofthings,butitwaslongenoughtoseehimlosehisyouth,hiswit,hismacho,hishair,hisbowelandbladdercontrol,hissenseoftasteandsmell,andhisabilitytodotheslightestthingforhimself.20 Book6Unit3译文：在万物的发展过程中，六个月并不长，但长得足以目睹他失去那么多的东西：年轻的身体、灵活的头脑、强壮的体魄、头发、控制大小便的能力、味觉和嗅觉、还有一丁点儿自理的能力。讲解：这句话的难点是lose后面并列的多项宾语。如果直接译成“失去年轻的身体、灵活的头脑……”，句子结构将太过冗长。这里的技巧是使用一个总述-分述结构，增强表达效果。1.Hadwe,thewholemedicalcommunity,becomesoarrogantthatwebelievedintheillusionofsalvationthroughscience?译文：作为医者这个群体，我们就变得如此傲慢，以至于相信科学真的可以拯救人这种天方夜谭吗？讲解：在本句中，wholemedicalcommunity是we的同位语，翻译时在句首译出为好。另外，在翻译抽象名词illusion和salvation时，可以根据汉语的句式和语气，作适当的添加（拯救“人”）或扩展（“天方夜谭”）。4.Cradlingherinmyarmswaslikecradlingmyself,Mac,andallthosepatientsandnurseswhohadbeeninthisplacebefore,whodothebesttheycaninadeath-denyingsociety.译文：怀里搂着她，就像是搂着我自己、迈克、还有每一个曾经在这里的病人和护士。这些人以最大的努力生存在一个否定死亡的社会中。讲解：如果直译cradlingherinmyarms，一般可译作“把她搂在怀里”，但后文就得顺势译成“把……搂在怀里”。注意省略号处带有并列的宾语和定语从句，这种译法会使句子生硬、不自然。改进的技巧是把此类较复杂的部分放到句末，例如在本句中，换用“怀里搂着……”就可以实现。Chinese-EnglishTranslation1.这几位俄罗斯作曲家的一个共同特点是他们的作品都充满了俄罗斯民间音乐的元素。(infuse)Translation:AcharacteristictheseRussiancomposersshareisthattheircompositionsareinfusedwithRussianfolkmusicelements.2.被绑儿童的父母同意付给绑匪索要的赎金，恳求他们不要伤害他们的小女孩。(plead)Translation:Theparentsofthekidnappedchild,agreeingtopaytheransomthekidnappersaskedfor,20 Book6Unit3pleadedwiththemnottohurttheirlittlegirl.1.新上任的主管曾在国外担任过类似的职务，他给公司的管理注入了新的理念。(inject)Translation:Thenewlyappointeddirector,whohastakenasimilarpositionoverseas,injectsnewideasintothemanagementofthecompany.2.一名好的教授应该能够对一个深奥、复杂的问题作出清晰、易懂的解释。(lucid)Translation:Agoodprofessorshouldbeabletogivealucidandintelligibleexplanationofanabstruseandcomplicatedissue.3.根据法律，他是否要为他已故父亲遗留的债务负责？(liablefor)Translation:Accordingtolaw,isheheldliableforthedebtshisdeceasedfatherhasleftunpaid?4.作家成功地把几个浪漫的爱情故事编进这部总体上严肃的历史小说里去。(weaveinto)Translation:Thewriterhassuccessfullywovensomeromanticlovestoriesintothisgenerallyserioushistoricalnovel.5.毫无疑问，当这名因脑部严重受伤而昏睡了二十多天的病人最终苏醒过来时，医生们创造了一个奇迹。(workamiracle)Translation:Thedoctorshadundoubtedlyworkedamiraclewhenthepatientwhohadbeeninacomaformorethan20daysasaresultofseverebraininjurieshadfinallycometo.6.完成了所有要交的学期论文、考完了所有必须要考的考试后，她感到人都快要倒下来了。(beaten)Translation:Afterfinishingallthosetermpapersshehadtosubmitandallthoseexamsshehadtositfor,shefeltcompletelybeaten.Error-correctionExerciseThepassagecontainsTENerrors.EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway:Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha"∧"signandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithadash"—"andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.20 Book6Unit3EXAMPLE:When∧artmuseumwantsanewexhibit,(1)anitneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangs(2)neverthemonthewall.Whenanaturalhistorymuseumwantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit.(3)exhibitThereisatendencytothinkofeachoftheartsasaseparateareaofactivity.Manyartists,therefore,wouldprovethattherehasalwaysbeenawarmrelationshipbetweenthevariousareasofhumanactivity.Ingeneral,inlatenineteenthcenturytheconnectionsbetweenmusicandpaintingareparticularlyclose.Artistswereinvitedtodesignclothesandsettingsforoperasandballets,butsometimesitwasthemusicianswhowereinspiredbyworkofcontemporarypainters.Ofthemusicalcompositionsthatwereconsideredcriticaltothevisualarts,perhapsmostfamousisMussorgsky'sPicturesatanExhibition.Mussorgskyhadcomposedthepiecein1874afterthedeath,attheageof39,oftheartistvictorHartmann.Thoughtheirfriendshiphadnotbeenaparticularlylong-lastingone,MussorgskywasshockedbyHartmann'sexpecteddeath.Thefollowingyearthecritic,VladimirStasuv,whodecidedtoholdanexhibitionofHartmann'swork,suggestedthatMussorgskytrytocontrolhisgriefbywritingsomethingasmemoryofHartmann.TheexhibitionservesasMussorgsky'sinspiration.ThetenpiecesthathasmadeupPicturesatanExhibitionareintendedassymbolsratherthanrepresentationsofthepaintingsintheexhibition.Betweenthepiecesisapromenade,wherethecomposerwalksfromonepainttoanother.Themusicissometimeswittyandplayful,sometimesalmostalarmingandfrightening.Througharangeofsurprisedvisions,Mussorgskymanagestoconveythespiritoftheartistandhiswork.1.___________2.___________3.___________4.___________5.___________6.___________7.___________8.___________9.___________10.___________Key:1.∧late:the（“世纪”之前加定冠词）2.are:were（陈述过去的事实）3.∧work:the（这里是特指）4.∧most:the（形容词最高级之前用the）5.had:had（用一般过去时即可）6.expected:unexpected（注意上文的shocked）7.as:in（inmemoryof是“纪念”的意思）8.has:have（that指代的是复数tenpieces）9.paint:painting（用名词painting，表示“画”）20 Book6Unit31.surprised:surprising（用现在分词表示“令人吃惊的”）SkillDevelopment定冠词the的用法一般来说，不定冠词a和an用于泛指，适用于第一次提及的事物；定冠词the用于特指，适用于之前提及的事物。但除此（练习第3题）之外，the还用在其他的结构中（练习第1题和第4题）。练习中出现的关于the的错误都是遗漏了the。要识别这些错误，必须依靠语法知识、词汇知识、并结合对上下文的理解。例如形容词最高级前必须用the（语法知识）、某些时间短语（century）前必须用the（词汇知识）。第3题也漏了the，注意虽然work是第一次提及，但根据上下文，指的就是那些contemporarypainters的作品，仍然是特指。20