定语从句ppt课件

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TheAttributiveClause Learnthefollowingwordsandphrases:theattributiveclausetherestrictiveclausethenon-restrictiveclauserelativepronounsrelativeadverbs LiHuaisastudent.Sheisagirl.Sheis16.Herdadisateacher.Hermotherisateacher,too.Sheisourmonitor.Sheisverystrictwithus.Thismakesusangry.Wealllikeher.Combinethefollowingsentences,usingattributiveclauseandsomeconjunctions. LiHua,agirlstudentof16,whoseparentsarebothteachers,isourmonitor.Sheisverystrictwithus,whichmakesusangry,butwealllikeher. ZhangManyuisaChinese.Sheisanactress.Sheisfamous.SheisfromHongKong.Sheactedmanyfilms.HEROisoneofthefilms.ZhangManyu,whoisafamousChineseactressfromHongKong,actedmanyfilms,oneofwhichisHERO. appletheredthegreenthesmallthebigTheapplewhichisredismine.Theapplewhichisgreenisyours.TheapplewhichisredissmallTheapplewhichisgreenisbig. Themaniskind.Everyonelikeshim.Theman(who)everyonelikesiskind.(宾语)Thewomangotthejob.Wesawheronthestreet.Thewoman(whom)wesawonthestreetgotthejob.Theteacherwillgiveusatalk.Wemettheteacheryesterday.Theteacher(whom)wemetyesterdaywillgiveusatalk. Theboyisinthelab.Youwanttotalktohim.Theboy(whom)youwanttotalktoisinthelab.Theboytowhomyouwanttotalkisinthelab.Thisistheboy.Isitbehindhim.Thisistheboy(whom)Isitbehind.ThisistheboybehindwhomIsit. Theladysteppedonhisfoot.Hewasdancingwiththelady.Thelady(whom)hewasdancingwithsteppedonhisfoot.Doyouknowtheman?Youwillvisithimtoday.Doyouknowthemanwhomyouwillvisittoday? 关系代词:1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）ThemanwhoItalkedwithisourteacher.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Theman(whom/who)InoddedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomInoddedisProfessorLi.3.當先行詞是those,she,he,they等代詞時,關係代詞用who.Thosewhowerelateforclassraiseyourhands. Mrs.Clarkisangrywiththegoat.Thegoatiseatingherflowers.Mrs.Clarkisangrywiththegoatwhichiseatingherflowers.Canyoulendmethebook?Youtalkedaboutitlastnight.Canyoulendmethebook(which)youtalkedaboutlastnight.Canyoulendmethebookaboutwhichyoutalkedlastnight? Doyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.DoyoufindthepenwithwhichIwrotejustnow?Doyoufindthepen(which)Iwrotewithjustnow? 3.which指物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder（which）heisusingismadeinJapan.Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks? that指人/物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）Aplaneisamachine.Itcanfly.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Heistheman.Itoldyouabouthim.Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout. that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词时。(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。 that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。(5)先行词是who或who引导的主句。Whoisthegirlthatdrovethecar?Whothatbrokethewindowwillbepunished.(6)主句以Therebe引导时Thereare200peoplethatdidn’tknowthething.(7)当先行词在定语从句中作be表语時，关系代词用that.Sheisn’tthegirlthatshewas10yearsago.(8)当先行词包含which时，关系代词用that.Whichisthebookthatyouboughtlastweek? Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.注意：介词提前时只能用which而不能用that。4.that指人/物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?fromthat (1)Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.Wemetheryesterday.ThescientistØwemetyesterdayisveryfamouswhointheworld.whomthat(2)Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedressthatsheiswearingisnew.whichØ (3)Heisthekindperson.Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.(4)Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.HeisthekindpersonthatIhaveeverworkedwith.whowhomØThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.Ø that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用which而不用that。(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）Thosearemanytreesunderwhichtheycanhavearest.(2)在非限制性定语从句中Football,whichisaverypopulargame,isplayedallovertheworld. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：Mysister,whoistwenty,worksinabank.Themanwhocamehereyesterdayhascomeagain.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句，写时往往逗号分开。 whose在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词与whose后的名词为所属关系。whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与ofwhich互换使用。Thisisthebookwhosecoverisblue.Thisisthebookofwhichthecoverisblue. Doyouknowthegirlwhosehairisveryshortinourclass?Doyouknowthegirl?Herhairisveryshortinourclass.Heisthestudent.Ibrokehispencilyesterday.HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday. MrKing,whoselegswerebadlyhurt,wasquicklytakentohospital.MrKingwasquicklytakentohospital.Herlegswerebadlyhurt.HerWeshallmakeadecisionaboutMsKing,whosestoryIhavetoldyou.WeshallmakeadecisionaboutMsKing.Ihavetoldyouherstory.her Thisteacher,withwhosesonIwork,islikedbyallthestudents.Thisteacherislikedbyallthestudents.Iworkwithherson.Thechairisbeingrepairednow.Thelegsofthechairarebroken.Thechairwhoselegsarebrokenisbeingrepairednow.Thechair,thelegsofwhicharebroken,isbeingrepairednow. Thebossofthecompany,whosenamewasMrLittle,toldthestoryaboutMsKing.Thebossofthecompanytoldthestoryabout….HisnamewasMrLittle.HisThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedhadheardabouttheaccident.Thebosshadheardabouttheaccident.MrKingworkedinhisdepartment.his 复习定语从句中的关系副词：when,where,why when在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词+关系代词（which）”。I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheleague.onwhichwhere在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词+关系代词（which）”。ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.inwhich why在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for+关系代词（which）”。Doyouknowthereasonwhyshewaslate.Itrainedheavily,forwhichhewaslatefortheclass. *As和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：Which引导的从句与主句关系较密切，常放在主句之后；而as引导从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。Which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“andthis”or“andthat”.译为“这一点”。而as则只能代指整个主句的内容。译为“正如…..那样”，且已形成固定结构。　如：asisknown,asissaid,asisreported,asisoftenthecase,asisexpected.Etc.eg.Einstein,asisknown,isafamousscientist.Asisreported,Chinahasbecomeanimportantcountryintheworld.Hedidn’tcometoattendthemeeting,asisexpected.Bambooishollow,whichmakesitverylight.Mysonnowgoestotheschool,whichIusedgotowhenIwasachild. Heistheman___housethepicturesaretaken.A.whoseB.whichC.fromwhoseD.that2.Helivesintheflat,___hecansee___ishappen-inginthestreet.A.there/whatB.where/somethingC.fromwhosewindow/allthat3.Thatwasthemostinterestingfilm___Ihaveseen.A.whoseB.thatC.whichD.what4.AheadofmeIsawawoman___Ithoughtwasmyaunt.A.whoB.whomC.fromwhomD.ofwhom5.Watchthegirlandherdog___arecrossingthestreet.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.they 6.Heistheveryoneofthestudents____goodatEnglish.A.whodoesB.thatisC.whomdoD.whichare7.Thesecondbook___IwanttoreadisTraveisinChinabyRewiAlley.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.as8.Heisthesameteacher___spokeatthemeetingontheopeningceremony.A.asB.whomC.thatD.who9.Thedays___Ispentinthecountrysideinmychildhoodwasthehappiesttime___Ihadeverhadinmylife.D.that/thatA.when/whenB.when/thatC.that/which 定语从句的翻译一般地，定语从句的翻译有合译法、分译法和混译法。在这里，我们主要详细介绍一下合译法和分译法。合译法：合译法通常用于句式较短的情况，主要以限制性定语从句为主。在英译汉时，一般将其译成“的”字结构，有时也将定语部分译成谓语、兼语句的一部分或带有“这”字句的简单句。 1．译成定语“的”字结构这是最为常见的一种英译汉的方式，翻译成中文时，将定语部分放在被修饰名词的前面。例1：Heisnottheonewhowillgiveupeasily.译文：他不是一个轻易服输的人。例2：Ourtwocountriesareneighborswhosefriendshipisoflongstanding.译文：我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。 2．译成谓语当定语从句是存在句，尤其是在“therebe结构”和它的变体结构、以及在“itbe+主语+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整个主句的谓语，因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。例1：Thereweremeninthatcrowdwhohadstoodthereeverydayforamonth.译文：在那群人中，有的人每天都站在那里，站了一个月。例2：Therehavebeengoodresultsintheexperimentsthathavegivenhimgrateencouragement.译文：实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓励。 另外，有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语，而将定语从句译成谓语，融合为一个句子。例1：Wehaveasocialandpoliticalsystemthatdifferedinmanyrespectsfromyourown.译文：我们的社会和政治体制在很多方面都与贵国的不一样。例2：Weusedaplaneofwhichalmosteverypartcarriedsomeidentificationofnationalidentity.译文：我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的某些标志。 3．译成兼语句的一部分当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，即先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时，就可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。例1：IneedsomeonewhocaninstructmeinmyEnglishstudy.译文：我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。例句2：WhenIpassedby,Isawamanwhowasquarrelingwithhiswife.译文：当我经过时，我看到一个人和他的妻子在吵架。 4．译成连动式的一部分为了行文方便，有时候在英译汉时就需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译，从而使句子显得连贯，符合汉语的表达习惯。例1：Hetookoutabottleofwineoutofhispocket,whichhebegantodrinkslowly.译文：他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。例2：WewillsendtheboytoBritain,wherehecanreceivebettereducation.译文：我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。 5．译成“这”字句有时，关系代词并不仅仅只是指代先行词，它还指代前面整个句子的内容。这时，我们一般将其译成“这”或“这一点”。例1：HeadmiredMrs.Brown,whichsurprisesmemost.译文：他钦佩布朗太太，这使我大为惊讶。例2：Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.译文：她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。 分译法分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。这种方法一般采用主句在前，从句在后的翻译形式，将句子翻译成两个相对独立的小分句。严格地说，上期介绍的合译法中的第5点（译成“这”字句）也属于这种翻译方法。 1．译出关系代词或关系副词根据逻辑的需要，在翻译前，我们首先应该弄清关系词所指代的内容，进而按照先行词的词义来进行翻译。例1:HehaslearnedFrench,whichhethinksisthemostbeautifullanguageintheworld.译文：他学过法语，他认为法语是世界上最美的语言。例2:Thisisacollegeofscienceandtechnology,thestudentsofwhicharetrainedtobeengineersorscientists.译文：这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者 另外，在英语中常常会把需要强调的内容放于句首，而汉语中却习惯把附加性说明的定语部分翻译成后置型的并列分句，以求在形式上突出主句的内容。例1:Shesuddenlythoughtofherhusband,whohadleftherandtheirchildrenbehindandhadneverbeenheardof.译文：他丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信，现在她突然想起了他。例2:Themensuddenlyawakenedtothefactthattherewerebeautyandsignificanceinthesetrifles,whichtheyhadsolongtroddencarelesslybeneaththeirfeet.译文：以前，它们一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在这些人突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意义了。 2．不翻译关系代词或关系副词有些定语从句表面上是非限制性定语从句，但在意义上却已经和主句融为了一体。在翻译时，应该将引导定语从句的关系词省略，从而使句子的意思显得更为连贯。例1:Afterdinner,thefourkeynegotiatorsresumedtheirtalks,whichcontinuedwellintothenight.译文：晚饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。例2:Hiswife,Betty,isShanghai-bornChinesewholeftChinaattheageofeight,andwhosebook“Moon”,tellsofhersister’slifeinChina.译文：他妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人，八岁离开中国，写过一本名叫《月》的书，记叙了她妹妹在中国的生活。 3．译成相对独立的小分句有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较为疏远，这时，我们通常会将定语从句译成独立的句子。例1:Onewasaviolentthunderstorm,theworstIhadeverseen,whichobscuredmyobjective.译文：有一次暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实在是我平生所鲜见的。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。例2:Neverthelesstheproblemwassolvedsuccessfully,whichshowedthatthecomputationswereaccurate.译文：不过问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算是很精确的。