abstract writing∶摘要的写法

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Abstractwriting DefinitiondocumentIdentifying(辨识)___avehiclethroughwhichreadersidentifyandlocateanarticleorareportanddecideiftheyneedtoreaditornot.e.g.economy,agriculture,music,etc.Sorting（检索）___asortingdevice,sortoutallreaderswhodon’tneedtoreadareportfromthosewhodo. Comparisonbetweenabstract&summaryAbstractsize:rarelymorethansixoreightlineslong;Purpose:tellthereaderswhatpointsarecoveredratherthanwhatissaidaboutthewriting;Anindependentpartdevotedtoabstractofsomeparticularfield.SummarySize:brief,notasbriefasthatofabstractPurpose:presentsthemostimportantinformationcontainedinthereports,forastory,itcoverstheserialeventsoccurredinit.Similarwithabstract,itisanindependentpart. TypesofabstractsDescriptiveabstractDescriptiveabstractsmaytellwhatsubjectsareinthepaper,buttheytellnothingaboutthedetails,muchlesstheconclusions,ofyourpaper.Theytease,ratherthaninform.Consider,forexample,thisexcerptfromahypotheticalabstract:__Saturable(可饱和的)dyes（染料）forlaserQswitchesarefoundtodegrade(退色)withtime.Thecauseofthisdegradationisdiscussedandapossiblesolutionisproposed.Thisexamplegivesmenousefulinformationandrequiresmetoreadthepaper.SometimesusefulfortheoreticalormathematicalpapersButgenerallyuninformative InformativeabstractsAninformativeabstract,bycontrast,isashortsummaryorsynopsis（大纲）ofyourpaper.Aninformativeabstractisnotwrittenasatableofcontents,butrathersummarizesyourpaperandtellsitsconclusions.Withfewexceptions,abstractstoscientificpapersshouldbeinformativeabstracts.Thefollowinginformativeabstractcoversthesamegroundastheprecedingdescriptiveabstract:StorabledyesforlaserQswitchesdegradewithtime.Thebluelightfromtheflashlamp(闪光灯或小电珠)causesthedegradationofthedye,andthedye'slifemaybeextendedbyreplacingthecell'swindowswithredfilters.ThisexampleisaparaphrasefromanabstractIreadatleasttwentyyearsago[well,thirtyyearsnow]andwouldhaveforgottenhaditnotbeensoclearandinformative. FourbasicunitsofanabstractObjectivesoftheresearchpaper(论文所研究的具体对象)Methodologyyouusedintheresearch(运用的具体方法)Thefindingsfromtheresearch(得出的具体结果)Conclusionsinducedfromthefindingorexperiments(结果进行剖析而得出的具有创新性的结论) 以上述四要素为依托，找出每部分专指度高的主题概念词，然后正确地组织好这些反映主题内容的主题概念词，用逻辑性强的关联词将其贯穿起来，就构成一篇完整的摘要，再以表现论文的主题内容为主旨，以主题词为工具，经过耐心地推敲、简化，力求使摘要简明扼要，逻辑性强，结构完整。usesoneormorewelldevelopedparagraphs:theseareunified,coherent,concise,andabletostandalone. 英文摘要的写法除了具有中、英文摘要的共性外，还有自己独特的个性，一般应符合以下几点要求：①尽量用简、短的句子，避免句形单调，组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语，尽量用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知的词；E.g.thepaperexplores……②用过去时态叙述作者所做的工作，用现在时态叙述作者得出的结果、结论，尽量用主动语态代替被动语态；（不出现人称主语，客观事实作主语表态时，要用被动）Iinducedthreefindings(×)/theexperimentinducedthreefindings(×)Threefindingsareinducedfromtheexperiment③可用动词的情况下尽量避免用动词的名词形式；E.g.thefindingsoftheseinvestigationssuggests(makeasuggestion)transientadaptationreferstotherapid…(isthereferencetothe)④避免使用一长串形容词或名语为修饰名词，可将这些词分成几个前置短语，用连字符连接，作为单位形容词（一个形容词）；E.g.heaskedwithafather-knows-besttone⑥不使用俚词外语表达概念，慎用行话和俗语，应用标准英语；⑦对那些已经为大众所熟悉的缩写词，可以直接使用，对于那些仅为同行所熟悉缩略语，应在题目、文摘或关键词中至少出现一次全称。 SuggestionsonwritingabstractsMakeyourabstractsinformative,notdescriptive.Thatis,makeyourabstractsshortsummariesofyourpaper,includingespeciallyanyconclusionsyoumayhavedrawnorrecommendationsyoumayhavemade.Agoodinformativeabstractmaystatetheproblemyouareexaminingortheprocedureyouhavecarriedout,yourpurposeindoingit,yourresults,andyourconclusionsorrecommendations.Mostabstractsarelimitedtooneparagraphandmustthereforebeconstructedwithcare. Anabstractconsistsof3parts:purpose,result/conclusion,andrecommendation.Thepresenttense,pasttenseandthepresentperfecttenseareoftenusedinanabstract;thethirdpersonshouldbeusedinwritinganabstract.Avoidusing“firstperson”like“Istudied…”“wethinkthat…”“I/weconcluded…” youneedtowatchon“don’ts”Donotcommencewith"thispaper…”,"thisreport…"orsimilar.Itisbettertowriteabouttheresearchthanaboutthepaper.Avoidsentencesthatendin"…isdescribed","…isreported","…isanalyzed"orsimilar. UsefulexpressionsInthefirstpartofanabstract(1)theauthortellsaboutthewriterdescribesthepaperexploreslooksatrefersto(2)thepurposeofthispaperistoV(presents,)aninvestigationwasdesignedtoV(prove,generalize)theconceptof…isusedtodetermine…(3)thepaperdealswith…… 2．如果需要简略回顾历史，然后再说明自己文章的内容，则可参考采用下面的句子：Theproblem…wasfirsttreatedby…andlater…improvedby….Thepurposeofthispaperistoprovethatitholdsinamoregeneralcase.…firstraisedtheproblemwhichwaslaterpartlysolvedby….Wenowsolvethisprobleminthecaseof… Inthesecondpartofanabstract(1)ItisfoundthatTheauthorconcludesthat+S+V…Thepaperconcludes(2)ItisseenfromFig.4that…theresultsaregiveninFig.4…Inthelastpartofanabstract(1)ItissuggestedItisrecommended+that+S+V…(2)Theresultssuggest/showthat…Itisrecommendedthat… 本文首先从严复的著名翻译三原则出发，对当今的中国翻译研究现状做出批评性描述，然后就中英互译中的一些问题做出新的范式。作者认为，由于中英两种语言属于不同的文化传统，因而不存在决对的对应，但是通过认真的比较研究，相对的对应仍可获得，也即下列四个方面①词语层面的对应；②单句层面上的对应；③段落层面上的对应；④全文层面上的对应。不同的文体要求不同层面的对应，但译者应切记交际，文化差异，文化成规及其可能的同类因素。 ThearticlepresentsacriticalsurveyofthestateoftheartofcontemporaryChinesetranslationstudiesbyquestioningYanFu’sfamousprincipleregardingliterarytranslation.ItoffersanewparadigminregardtotranslationfromEnglishintoChineseandviceverse,namelythat,toanauthor,thereisnosuchthingasabsoluteequivalenceinthecontextofChinese-EnglishorEnglish-ChinesetranslationforthesimplereasonthatChineseandEnglishbelongtotwoentirelydifferentculturaltraditions.However,throughcarefulcomparativestudies,relativeequivalentcanbeachieved,namely;①theequivalentattheverballevel②theequivalentatthesentencelevel,textuallevelandatthepassagelevel.