摘要模板abstract

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考研英语写作破解-应用文写作(小作文)-摘要　　1.写作攻略　　摘要是对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩并写成语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不需加入任何主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。摘要写作要求简明扼要，用词准确。摘要题型写作是难度非常大的一种写作形式。随着考生英语水平的不断提高，这种题型引起考生的普遍重视。写作摘要时应该注意以下几点：　　(1)动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，力求抓住其大意，掌握原文要点。如果一遍不能明白，可以多读几次，读的次数越多越容易明白文章大意。　　(2)摘要的长度不应超过原文的三分之一，一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考试时应遵守规定的字数限制。　(3)在做摘要时考生切忌照搬原文，应该用自己的语言来写。一篇摘要应该是语言的再创造，而不是原文词语的简单堆砌。　　(4)摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，为了使摘要条理清晰，无特殊情况应按原文的逻辑顺序排列。　　(5)摘要要做到内容完整，没有大的遗漏，使读者无需查看原文就能够获得原文的主要内容。应重点反映主要观点，删除细节。　　(6)削除例子，简化描述。用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。　　(7)检查与修改时，考生应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。　　另外，写摘要时应该使用简单的衔接词，如but,then,thus,yet,for等等，而不能使用atthesametime,ontheotherhand等。　　2.必背模版句型　　Thispapermainlydealswith...　　这篇论文主要是写……　　Thisarticlefocusesonthetopicsof(that,having,etc)...　　这篇文章的强调的主题是……　　Thisessaypresentsknowledgethat...　　这篇短文主要是讲关于……的知识。　　Thisthesisdiscusses/analyzes...　　这篇论文讨论/分析了……　　Thispaperprovidesanoverviewof...　　这篇文章综述了……　　Thisarticlecompares...andsummarizeskeyfindings.　　这篇文章比较了……并总结了主要的发现。　　Thispaperpresentsup-to-dateinformationon... 　　这篇论文介绍了关于……的最新信息。　　Thisarticlenotonlydescribes...butalsosuggests...　　这篇文章不仅描述了……而且建议……　　Thispaperprovidesamethodof...　　这篇为……提供了方法。　　Thispaperintroducesanapplicableproceduretoanalyze...　　这篇文章介绍一种分析……的可行程序。　　Thispaperisdevotedtoexaminingtheroleof...　　这篇论文致力于研究……的作用。　　Thispaperreflectsthestateoftheartin...　　这篇论文展示了……目前的情况。　　Thisarticlereviewsthetechniquesusedin...　　这篇文章综述了……领域采用的技术。　　Thewriterofthisessaytriestoexplore...　　本文作者试图探讨……　　Theaim/purpose/objectiveofthispaperistodetermine...　　本文的目的/目标是为了决定……　　　3.必背经典范文　　将下面这篇约500词的原文按要求写成约150词的摘要。　　HowNewYorkBecameAmerica，sLargestCity　　Inthe18thcenturyNewYorkwassmallerthanPhiladelphiaandBoston.TodayitisthelargestcityinAmerica.Howcanthechangeinitssizeandimportancebeexplained？　　Toanswerthisquestionwemustconsidercertainfactsaboutgeography，history，andeconomics.TogetherthesethreewillexplainthehugegrowthofAmerica?smostfamouscity.　　ThemapoftheNortheastshowsthatfourofthemostheavilypopulatedareasinthisregionarearoundseaports.AtthesepointsmaterialsfromacrosstheseaentertheUnitedStates，andtheproductofthelandaresentthereforexportacrossthesea. 　　Economistsknowthatplaceswheretransportationlinesmeetaregoodplacesformakingrawmaterialsintofinishedgoods.Thatiswhyseaportsoftenhavecitiesnearby.ButcitieslikeNewYorkneededmorethantheirgeographicallocationinordertobecomegreatindustrialcenters.Theirdevelopmentdidnothappensimplybychance.　　About1815，whenmanyAmericansfromtheeastcoasthadalreadymovedtowardthewest，traderoutesfromtheportstothecentralregionsofthecountrybegantobeaseriousproblem.Theslowwagonsofthattime，drawnbyhorsesoroxen，weretooexpensiveformovingheavyfreightveryfar.AmericanshadlongadmiredEurope?scanals.InNewYorkStateacanalseemedthebestsolutiontothetransportationproblem.FromtheeasternendofLakeErieallthewayacrossthestatetotheHudsonRiverthereisalongstripoflowland.HeretheErieCanalwasconstructed.Afterseveralyearsofworkitwascompletedin1825. 　　Thecanalproducedanimmediateeffect.Freightcostswerecuttoaboutone-tenthofwhathadbeen.NewYorkCity，whichhadbeensmallerthanPhiladelphiaandBoston，quicklybecametheleadingcityofthecoast.Intheyearsthatfollowed，transportationroutesontheGreatLakeswerejoinedtoroutesontheMississippiRiver.ThenNewYorkCitybecametheendpointofagreatinlandshippingsystemthatextendedfromtheAtlanticOceanfarupthewesternbranchesoftheMississippi.Thecomingoftherailroadsmadecanalshippinglessimportant，butittiedNewYorkevenmorecloselytothecentralregionsofthecountry.ItwaseasierforpeopleinthecentralstatestoshiptheirgoodstoNewYorkforexportoverseas.　　ExportsfromNewYorkweregreaterthanimports.Consequently，shippingcompanieswereeagertofilltheirshipswithpassengersonthereturntripfromEurope.PassengerscouldcomefromEuropeverycheaplyasaresult.　　ThusNewYorkbecamethegreatestportforreceivingpeoplefromEuropeancountries.Manyofthesepeopleremainedinthecity.OthersstayedinNewYorkforafewweeks，months，oryears，andthenmovedtootherpartsoftheUnitedStates.ForthesegreatnumberofnewAmericansNewYorkhadtoprovidehomes，goods，andservices.Theirlaborhelpedthecitybecomegreat.　　摘要　　HowNewYorkBecameAmerica?sLargestCity　　NewYorkwasoncesmallerthanPhiladelphiaandBoston，butnowitisAmerica，slargestcitybecauseofgeography，historyandeconomics.　　NewYorkwaslocatedattheseaportwherematerialswereimportedtotheUSandtheproductsoftheUSweresentabroadacrossthesea.ThecitywasfurtherdevelopedwhentheErieCanalwascompletedin1825.ThislinkedLakeErietoNewYorkviatheHudsonRiverandthecostoftransportinggoodstothosewhohadsettledinlandwascutdown.Inaddition，theGreatLakesweresoonlinkedtotheMississippi.Later，railroadstiedNewYorkclosertothecentralstates，whosegoodswereexportedviaNewYork.Fewergoodswereimported，socheappassageswereavailablefromEurope.NewYorkbecamethemainportforreceivingEuropeans，manyofwhomstayedinthecityandhelpeditbecomegreat.　 Thispaper/thesis/compositionmainlydiscusses/aimsat/focuseson/centerson…(主题/主旨).Theauthorfirstlists/states/argues…Thenhe/thepaperanalyses/illustrates/supports…from…(几个)aspects./Toconcludethem,…Aboveall,…Besides,…What’smore/Finally,…Thepaperfinallyendswith/comestoaconclusionthat…英语摘要精品模板一    Inthefirstparagraphofthedissertation,theauthorhighlightsthatdueattentionhastobepaidto__.Severalfundamentalfactorshavecontributedtosuchatendency.Firstandforemost,amongthemostconvincingcausesidentifiedbypeople,oneshouldbestressed,thatis__.Inaddition,asfarastheauthorisconcerned,__isofutmostsignificancetooursociety.Thelastbutnottheleast,asisillustratedinthelastparagraphoftheessay,thewriteralsotakes__intoconsideration.Givenalltheaboveargument,wecandrawtheconclusionthat__isindeedcrucial.    在本段的第一段，作者强调我们必须充分重视＿（中心词）。几个主要原因促成了这一趋势。首先，在被人们确定的最有力的原因中，有一点原因应该得到重视，那就是＿（分论点一）。其次，作者认为＿（分论点二）对我们的社会意义重大。最后，正如本文末段所示，作者也考虑到＿（分论点三）因素。综上所述所有论证，我们可以得出结论：＿（中心词）确实重要。二    Inthebeginningoftheessay,thewriterclingstotheideathatweshouldattachutmostsignificancetotheissueof＿.Itisnoeasytasktofindthereasonforthiscomplicatedphenomenonwhichinvolvesseveralfactors.Tobeginwith,thepastseveraldecadeshavewitnessedathought-provokingsocialphenomenonthat＿hasbeenarisingfromallovertheworld.Furthermore,theauthorillustratesthedeep-rootedreasonbystressingthefactthat＿isofgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofoursociety.Finally,itisvitalforustoderivepositiveimplicationfromthelastparagraphthat＿isalsoakeyfactorcontributedtothisissue.     在本文开头，作者坚持认为我们应该充分重视＿（中心词）这一问题。这一复杂现象涉及很多因素，找出各种原因并非易事。首先，过去几十年目睹了一个发人深省的社会现象：＿（分论点一）在世界各地出现。其次，作者通过强调＿（分论点二）对我们社会发展非常重要这一事实，阐明了深入的原因。最后，我们必须从末段得出积极含义：＿（分论点三）也是促成这一问题的关键因素。三      Tobeginwith,thepurposeofthewriteristoshowusthatweshouldattachutmostimportanceto__,yetthethought-provokingimplicationconveyedshouldbetakenmorecarefully.Itisnosimplejobtogivethereasonforthisdeep-seatedtendencywhichinvolvesmanyfactors.Firstofall,asisdemonstratedintheessay,__enjoysastrikingpopularityaroundtheglobe.Whatismore,thedissertationalsosubtlyreflectedthesocialphenomenonthat__isprevalentnowadays.Moreimportantly,theauthorindicatesthat__isadouble-agedswordwhichcanexertprofoundinfluenceonoursociety.Tosumup,itisapparentthatthewriteraimsatremindingusofthesignificanceof__inoursociety.      首先，作者的目的是告诉我们应该充分重视＿（中心词），然而我们应该认真对待所传达的发人深省的含意。这一深刻的趋势涉及很多因素，找到各种原因并不容易。首先，正如文中所示，＿(分论点一)在全球非常流行。其次，本文也敏锐地揭示了＿的社会现象在当今很盛行。更重要的是，作者认为＿（分论点二）是把双刃剑，会对我们的社会产生深远的影响。简而言之，显而易见作者旨在提醒我们＿（中心词）在我们社会中的重要意义。    四    Theimpressivedissertationhassubtlyrevealedathought-provokingsocialphenomenonwhichisprevalentallovertheworld,whichis__.Thereareanumberofreasonsforthesignificantproblem.Aboveall,theauthormaintainsthatasamatteroffact,throughouthistorypeopleofdifferentcultureshaveregarded__asthemostvitalcause.Moreover,itisthewriter’sviewthattherearegoodreasonstoadvocate__inthelongrun.Otherfactorincludesthepillaringandpropellingrole__.Withdueconsiderationoftheanalysisabove,wemaydrawaconclusionthat__reallycountsinthissociety.    这篇令人印象深刻的论文敏锐地反映了一种全球盛行的发人深省的社会现象：__(中心词)。这个重要问题有很多原因。首先，作者认为事实上，在历史，不同文化的人们度一直把＿＿（分论点一）当做最重要的原因。此外，作者认为从长远来看，我们有理由推广＿＿（分论点二）。其他原因包括＿＿（分论点三）的支持和推动作用。充分考虑到上述分析，我们可以得出结论：＿＿（中心词）在当今社会确实重要。五    Withthespeedysocialandeconomicdevelopment,___hasbeenprogressingrapidly.Thecausesfortheissuearecomplicatedwithmultiplereasons,mainlyfromthreeaspects.Firstandforemost,themainreasonistheever-growingcoordinatingandcontrollingpowerandfunctionexercisedby__.Inaddition,asolidoffoundationforsucha tendencyhasbeenlaidby__.Thelastbutnottheleast,theauthorreckonsthatweshouldtakevariouskindsofrealisticfactorsintoaccount.Generallyspeaking,itisnecessaryforustoenhancetheawarenessofpeoplethat__isextremelyvitaltous.    随着社会和经济的迅速发展，___（中心词）迅猛发展。这一问题的原因较为复杂，涉及诸多因素，主要来自三个方面。首先，主要原因是___（分论点一）所发挥的不断增强的协调和控制作用。其次，___（分论点二）为这一趋势奠定了坚实的基础。最后，作者认为我们应该考虑各种现实因素。总而言之，我们必须提高人们的意识：___（中心词）对我们至关重要。六  Withtheincreasingpaceofmodernlife,perhapsnochangehascharacterizedthepastdecademoredramaticallythan__.Theauthorassumesthatthereareatleastthreefundamentalfactorsaccountingfortheabovementionedissue.Firstandforemost,whenweighinginthemind,wefindthereisanapparenttendencyunderlyingthisphenomenon:__.Inaddition,itiswell-knownthatdueattentionhastobepaidthecriticalissueof__.Thelastbutnottheleast,simpleasitis,whatthedissertationconveystousisnotuncommonintheworldnowadays.    随着现代生活节奏的加快，___（中心词）比其他任何变化更戏剧性地概括了过去十年。作者认为至少有三个主要原因造成了上述问题。首先，当我们仔细思考时，我们发现在这一现象之下有一个明显趋势：___（分论点一）。其次，众所周知，我们必须充分关注___（分论点二）这一重要问题。最后，尽管本文很浅显，但向我们表达了发人深省的内涵。本文确实揭示了当今世界一个很普遍的深刻趋势。七Fromthedissertation,thewriterwantstoconveysuchamessage:utmostimportanceshouldbeattachedto__.Somedrivingfactorsthatcontributetotheabove-mentionedissuemaybesummarizedasfollows.Aboveall,wemaylookintoeverypossiblereasonexcepttheleadingcause,whichis__.Inaddition,itisimperativeforustocultivatetheawarenessof__inoursociety.Lastly,weshouldbearinmindthat__isalsoofgreatsignificancetobothoursocietyandourselves.Takingallthesecausesintoconsideration,wemayconcludethatwiththespeedydevelopmentofoursociety,__willkeepgrowingintheforthcomingfuture.从这篇文章中，作者想要表达这一信息：我们应该充分重视__（中心词）。促成上述问题的一些主要原因可以概括如下。首先，我们可以研究每个可能的原因，但最主要的原因是__（分论点一）。其次，我们急需培养社会中的__（分论点二）意识。最后，我们应该牢记__（分论点三）对我们社会和自己都意义重大。综合上述所有原因，我们可以得出结论：随着社会的迅速发展，__（中心词）在不远的未来将继续发展。八Thedissertationaboveclearlyillustratesthatweshouldpaydueattentiontotheissueof__.Youmayattributetomanyotherreasons,buttherootsforthephenomenongofardeeper.Firstofall,theauthorissendingamessageaboutthesignificanceof__.Whatismore,wecandeducefromthepaperthattheauthoristryingtoattractourattentiontotheissueof__.Byanalyzingthese factorsillustratedintheessay,wemaydrawtheconclusionthatimportanceshouldbeattachedto__.上述文章清晰地阐明了我们应该充分重视（中心词）这一问题。你可能认为很多其他原因造成了这一问题，但这一现象的根源却更加深刻。首先，作者想要传达关于__（分论点一）的重要意义这一信息。其次，我们可以推断出作者努力想吸引我们关注__（分论点二）问题。通过分析文章阐明的这些原因，我们可以得出结论：我们应该充分重视__（中心词）。九Currently,thereisawidespreadconcernregardingthepreviouslyneglectedissueof__.Thereareagreatmanyprimaryreasonsresponsiblefortheaforementionedtendency.Tobeginwith,aclearcorrelationissuggestedthat__hasexertedtremendouslyprofoundinfluenceonthedevelopmentofoursociety.Furthermore,somefinditquiteunderstandablewhenconsideringthefactthatimportanceshouldbeattachedto__.Finally,thereisnodenyingthefactthat__isofgreatbenefittobothpersonalgrowthandeconomicprosperity.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedsofar,itisapparentthat__isofgreatconcerninourlife.目前，人们开始广泛关注之前被忽视的__（中心词）问题。很多主要原因造成了上述趋势。首先，我们可以清楚地看出：__（分论点一）对我们社会的发展产生了非常深远的影响。其次，人们发现当考虑到我们应该重视____（分论点二）这一事实时，情况不言自明。最后，不可否认____（分论点三）对个人成长和经济发展都很有益处。根据上述讨论，显而易见____（中心词）在我们的生活中值得充分关注。十Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthewriteraimsatrevealingacommonandseriousissuenowadays.Thereisnoreasontomakeafussatthephenomenonof____.Whydoesthisphenomenonappear?Theauthormaintainsthereareatleasttwofactorsaccountingforthis.Firstly,withthespeedysocialandeconomicdevelopment,peopleinmountingnumbersputgreatemphasison______.Secondly,______hasbecomeoneofthemostpopulartopicsdiscussednotonlybyexperts,butalsobypeopleinallwalksoflife.Thus,itishightimethatweattachedutmostsignificancetotheissue.毫无疑问，作者旨在揭示当今一个普遍而严肃的问题。对____（中心词）这一现象无需大惊小怪。为何出现这一现象？作者认为至少有两个原因。首先，随着社会和经济的迅速发展，越来越多的人非常关注____（分论点一）。其次，____（分论点二）已经成为不仅是专家，而且是各行各业的人们讨论的最热门话题之一。因此，我们早就该充分重视这一问题了。