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1、Lecture02AbstractWritingSummaryWriting1.AbstractwritingContentsDefinitionoftheabstractTypesoftheabstractEconomyofwordsHowtowritetheabstract:TheFormalizedStructureoftheabstract“5steps”ofwritingtheabstract“5-A”StrategyofwritingtheabstractAbstractAdescriptivesummary[ab
2、stract]isatableofcontentsinparagraphform;itisageneralmapforreaders.—MichaelAlley1.Definitionoftheabstract(1)AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiversionofthepaper.Theabstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Resul
3、tsandDiscussion.Generallyspeaking,theabstractshouldnotexceed250words(100-200words)andshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.1.Definitionoftheabstract(2)Theabstractshould:(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigation,(2)describethemethodo
4、logyemployed,(3)summarizetheresults,and(4)statetheprincipalconclusion.1.Definitionoftheabstract(3)MostoftheAbstractsshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.Theabstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.Referencestothel
5、iteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract.2.Typesofabstracts(1)Informativeabstract(moredetailed,andmayincludequantitativedetails)信息性/报道性/资料性摘要Indicative/descriptiveabstract(briefandqualitative,indicatingwhatkindofresearchhasbeendone)指示性/说明性/描述性摘要Informative-indicativeabs
6、tract报道-指示性摘要2.Typesofabstracts(2)AneffectivediscussionofthevarioususesandtypesofabstractswasprovidedbyMcGirr(1973),whoseconclusionsarewellworthrepeating:“Whenwritingtheabstract,rememberthatitwillbepublishedbyitself,andshouldbeself-contained.Thatis,itshouldcontainno
7、bibliographic,figure,ortablereferences.”2.Typesofabstracts(3)Thelanguageshouldbefamiliartothepotentialreader.Omitobscureabbreviationsandacronyms.Writethepaperbeforeyouwritetheabstract,ifatallpossible.UnlessalongtermisusedseveraltimeswithinanAbstract,donotabbreviatet
8、heterm.Waitandintroducetheappropriateabbreviationatfirstuseinthetext(probablyintheIntroduction).2.1Informativeabstract信息性/报道性/资料性摘要Aninfor
