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1、第一章1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means‘Frau’inGerman,‘Femme’inFrenchan
2、d‘Funv‘inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound/rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite,thoughdenotingdifferentthings,yethavethesamesound.3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.(Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns)a).theinternal
3、reasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.b).Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingc).Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500d).Borrowingofforeignlanguage4.Vocabulary---Vocabulary
4、ismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.Thegeneralestimateofth
5、epresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.Ë5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency,bynotion,byorigin1).Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.1. allnationalcharacter(mostimportant)– naturalphenomenamostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthe humanbodyand
6、relationsworldaroundus namesofplantsandanimals action,size,domain,state numerals,pronouns,prep.,conj.2. stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife,theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative,someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.e
7、.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight–past electricity,machine,car,plane--now3. productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords, theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes. e.g. foot–football,footage,footpath,footer4. polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanon
8、emeaning.Becomepolysemous. e.g. take tomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanothertoremove5. collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingandotherse.g. heart–achangeofheart,aheartofg
