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1、AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGroupsinOrganicMoleculesPortionsofthisexperimentwereadaptedfromLehman,J.W.,OperationalOrganicChemistry,UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey:Prentice-Hall,1999.IntroductionQualitativeorganicanalysis,theidentificationoforganiccompoundsba
2、sedontheirphysicalandchemicalproperties,isanalogousinsomewaystotheidentificationofplantsandanimalsaccordingtotheirtaxonomy—theirstructuralfeaturesandpresumednaturalrelationships.Toclassifyanorganiccompoundintoagivenfamilyrequiresfirstdetectingaspecifi
3、cfunctionalgroup(characteristicsetofatoms)inthemoleculesoforganiccompounds.Becausefunctionalgroupsinfluencethephysical,chemical,andspectralpropertiesofanorganiccompound,achemistcanidentifyacompound'sfunctionalgroupsbymeasuringcertainphysicalproperties
4、,observingitschemicalbehaviorwithdifferentclassificationreagents,andstudyingotherspectraldata.Inthisexperimentwewillsubjectaseriesoforganiccompoundstospecificchemicalreactionsinordertoidentifywhichclassoffunctionalgroupthesubstancebelongsto.Somecommon
5、organicfunctionalgroupsFunctionalgroupnameGeneralformula*AlkeneAlkylhalideAlcoholAldehyde(R–CHO)AmideAmineCarboxylicacidEsterEtherKetone*R,R',andR''aregeneralhydrocarbongroupsFunctionalgroupidentificationtestsChemistshavedevelopedanumberofsimplechemic
6、alteststhatarepositiveonlyforcompoundshavingcertainkindsoffunctionalgroups.Thesearethefourtestswewillbeperformingtoday:·Compoundsthatareeasilyoxidizedreactwithasolutionofchromium(VI)oxideinsulfuricacid,commonlyreferredtoas"chromicacid."Primaryandsecon
7、daryalcoholsreactwithin2-3secondstoformanopaqueblue-greensuspension.Aldehydesgivethesameresultbutusuallytake10secondsormoretoreact.·Aldehydesandketonesbothreactwith2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH)reagenttoyieldyellowororangeprecipitateswithinafewminut
8、es.·Alkenesreactreadilywithdiluteaqueouspotassiumpermanganatetoformabrownprecipitateasthepurplecolorofthepermanganatedisappears.·AlkylhalidesgiveagreenflameintheBeilsteintest,whichinvolvesheatingacopperwiremoistenedwiththeunknowninaburnerflame
