资源描述：
《Introduction to Organic Chemistry》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、IntroductiontoOrganicChemistryOrganicchemistrywasbornin1828whenFriedrichWohlerattemptedtosynthesizeammoniumcyanate(氰酸铵),NH4CNO,andobtainedurea(尿素)O‖NH2CNH2Instead,Wohler,whohadstudiedtobeadoctorofmedicinebeforehedecidedtobecomeachemist,discoveredthatthecompoundhehadmadewasidenticalwith
2、urearecoveredfromurine.Uptothattime,scientistshadthoughtthatthecompoundspresentinlivingplantsandanimalscouldnotbesynthesizedinthelaboratoryfrominorganicreagents.Wohlerrecognizedtheimportanceofhisexperimentandwrotetoafriend,"ImusttellyouthatIcanmakeureawithouttheuseofkidneys,eithermanor
3、dog.Ammoniumcyanateisurea."Wohler'sdiscoverywasimportantbecauseitgaveimpetustoalongseriesofexperimentsinwhichchemistsprobedthenatureofthechemicalsubstancesthatexistinlivingorganismsandinpetroleumandcoal,whichareformedfromtheremainsofcertainplantsandanimalsthatlivedinthedistantpast.Asea
4、rlychemistsstruggledtoisolateandpurifythecomponentsofplants,animals,coal,andpetroleum,theyobservedthatmanyofthecompoundsthattheyisolatedwerecomposedofcarbonandhydrogen.Manycontained,inaddition,nitrogen(氮),oxygen,sulfur(硫),andphosphorus(磷).Chemistsquicklyrecognizedthatthechemistryofcarb
5、onwasassociatedwithlifeinaspecialwaythatdistinguishedthatelementfromallothers.Compoundsofcarbonwerecalledorganiccompoundstoreflecttheirorigininlivingsystemsandtodistinguishthemfromtheinorganiccompounds,theacids,bases,andsalt,derivedfromtheotherelementsontheperiodictable(元素周期表).Organicc
6、hemistryisrecognizedtodayasanareaofstudycentraltomanydisciplines.Lifeprocessesaresupportedbythechemicalreactionsofcomplexorganiccompoundssuchasenzymes(酶),hormones,proteins,carbohydrates(碳水化合物),andlipid(脂).Thelipidcholesterol(胆固醇);hormonessuchascortisone(皮质酮),andtestosterone(睾丸激素);gluco
7、se(葡萄糖),themostimportantsourceofenergyinourbodies;andthepancreatic(胰腺的)enzymechymotrypsin(胰凝乳蛋白酶),whichisessentialtoourdigestion,areamongthecompoundsthestructuresandchemistryofwhichwewillexplore.Cellsdivideandgrowinpartaccordingtosignalscarriedandtransmittedbygiantorganicmoleculescal
