自考-现代语言学-每章要点总结

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1、第一章  绪论1/Whatislinguistics?¢什么是语言学？¢Linguistics isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.2/Thescopeoflinguistics¢语言学的研究范畴¢Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled generallinguistics.(普通语言学)¢Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguist

2、iccommunication,iscalled phonetics.（语音学）¢ Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalled phonology.（音系学）¢ Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalled morphology.（形态学）¢ Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalled syntax.（句法学）¢ Thestudy

3、ofmeaninginlanguageiscalled semantics.（语义学）¢ Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalled pragmatics.（语用学）¢ Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalled socio-linguistics.（社会语言学）¢ Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）¢Thestudyofapplications(asther

4、ecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownas appliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）¢Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.¢Otherrelatedbranchesinclude anthropologicallinguistic

5、s,（人类语言学） neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学） mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）and computationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics¢语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptiveanddescriptive¢描写与规定¢Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe descriptive,ifi

6、taimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobe prescriptive.¢Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.¢Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.¢Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetherit

7、is“correct”ornot.Synchronicanddiachronic¢共时和历时¢Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisa synchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa diachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.Speechandwriting¢口头语与