自考-现代语言学-每章要点总结(希望对大家有帮助,我也是学生,这是由老师总的,我将ppt转为word)

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1、第一章  绪论1/Whatislinguistics?¢什么是语言学？¢Linguistics isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.2/Thescopeoflinguistics¢语言学的研究范畴¢Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled generallinguistics.(普通语言学)¢Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguis

2、ticcommunication,iscalled phonetics.（语音学）¢ Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalled phonology.（音系学）¢ Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalled morphology.（形态学）¢ Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalled syntax.（句法学）¢ Thestu

3、dyofmeaninginlanguageiscalled semantics.（语义学）¢ Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalled pragmatics.（语用学）¢ Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalled socio-linguistics.（社会语言学）¢ Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）¢Thestudyofapplications(ast

4、herecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownas appliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）¢Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.¢Otherrelatedbranchesinclude anthropologicallingui

5、stics,（人类语言学） neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学） mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）and computationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics¢语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptiveanddescriptive¢描写与规定¢Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe descriptiv

6、e,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobe prescriptive.¢Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.¢Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.¢Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whe

7、theritis“correct”ornot.Synchronicanddiachronic¢共时和历时¢Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisa synchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa diachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.Speechandwriting¢口头语与