第3讲_语义与翻译(一)

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1、语义与汉英翻译（一）汉语与英语的构词法差异汉语：ideographicscript表意文字determiner+genericword如售票员、列车员、运动员英语：alphabeticscript拼音文字superordinate;上位词hyponym/subordinate/下位词如rain:(superordinate)torrent;drizzle/mizzle;sleet(hyponym)Examples:葡萄grape；葡萄干raisin宗教religion；邪教cult/heresy酿酒厂brewery；炼油厂refine

2、ry座谈会symposium；招商会investmentpromotionfair；博览会expo；残运会Paralympics；记者招待会pressconference;newsrelease；人才招聘会jobfair；贸易洽谈会tradefair；拍卖会auction专业major；辅修/二学位minor博士点；Ph.D.programme联合国难民署TheUNRefugeeProgramme英语专业：Englishprogramme(major)上游、中游、下游theupper/middle/lowerreaches上游企业up

3、streamindustry中国国务院以及下属部委theStateCouncil;theMinistryofEducation;theministerofEducation美国国务院以及各部theStateDepartments;theDepartmentofEducation;theSecretaryEducation鸡，公鸡rooster，母鸡hen，小鸡chicken鸟bird，小鸟fledgling猪pig,小猪gruntling猪肉pork牛cow小牛calf牛肉beef老虎tiger，虎崽cub洒水车sprinkler；垃

4、圾车garbagetruck如何查询下位词关于下位词、具体词汇的查询，可以使用朗文英语联想活用词典（LongmanLanguageActivator）上海外语教育出版社以及google、句库等网站汉语的构词法往往是自由语素+不自由语素，翻译时要仔细辨认。药材medicalmaterial；药方recipe;prescription；药房drugstore,pharmacy；药店drugstore；服药takemedicine；汤药decoction；耗子药ratpoison；制药厂pharmaceuticalfactory字面意义与语

5、用意义“饭桶”“good-for-nothing”“吃不开”“beunpopular”吃不了兜着走“landoneselfinserioustrouble”“吃不消”beunabletostand“吃”“吃不住beunabletobearorsupport”、“吃老本”liveoffone‘spastgains、“吃软不吃硬”beopentopersuasion、“吃闲饭”leadanidlelife“吃香”beverypopular“苦”1、我喜欢吃苦瓜。Ilike(eating)balsampear.2、他不怕苦和累。Heisno

6、tafraidofhardships.3、她脸上露出一丝苦笑。Sheforcedawry/bittersmile.4、他苦苦哀求。Heentreatedpiteously./imploredbitterly.“菜”小菜一碟aseasyasABC面有菜色lookfamished/hungry/sallow多吃荤菜对身体健康不好。Toomuchmeatandfishdoesnogoodtothehealth.注意词汇的深层逻辑养成早起的习惯inthehabitof(raisethehabit括号内错译，下同)他们采取摇摆不定的政策。The

7、yaretakingapolicyofvacillation(wrong).Theyaretakingvacillatingmeasures.or:vacillatingattitude/actions享受公费医疗Beentitledtofreemedicalcare(enjoyfreemedicalcare)发展是硬道理。Developmentisoftoppriority.力争上游：strivetobethebest心里闷得慌bestifled(bored)beyondendurance;beawfullystifled(bore

8、d)分辨字面意义和语用意义1、他舍己救人的精神使我深受感动。I’mgreatlytouchedbyhisdeedsofriskinghislifetosavepeople.2、你穿这件夹克衫很精神。Youarefullo