chapter five第五章 语义学

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1、ChapterFive第五章语义学1、Semantics定义canbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning: 2、语义研究的主要流派有哪些？（四种）1)Thenamingtheory:命名论.Oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsoaveryprimitiveone,ItwasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,theli

2、nguisticformsorsymbolsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.2)Theconceptualistview:意念论Itholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.Intheinterpretationofmeaning,theyarelinkedthroughthemediationofcon

3、ceptsinthemind.3)Contextualism:(语境论)Itisbasedonthepresumption(假定)thatonecanderive推导)meaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservable可观测的)contexts.Twokindsofcontextarerecognized:thesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.Forexample,themeaningoftheword"seal"inthesentence"Thesealcouldnotbefo

4、und"canonlybedeterminedaccordingtothecontextinwhichthesentenceoccurs:4)Behaviorism行为主义论 ThecontextualistviewwasfurtherstrengthenedbyBloomfield.Hedrewonbehavioristpsychologywhenhetriedtodefinethemeaningoflinguisticforms.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformas"the

5、situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer".(Bloomfield, Thisbehavioristtheoryissomewhatclosetocontextualism.Itislinkedwithpsychologicalinterest.5、意义与所指有什么关系Senseandreference？ Senseandreferencearetwotermsinthestudyofmeaning.Senseisconcernedwiththeinher

6、entmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningthatdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.itisabstractandde-contextualized. Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdea

7、lswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.(2)关系：Obviously,linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.Ontheotherhand,therearelessfrequentoccasionswhenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinse

8、nse,e.g.“morningstar”and“evenings