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1、Lesson1英汉语句法结构对比I.IntroductiontoChineseandWesternCulture语言不能脱离文化而存在,语言从属于文化。西方文化的表现形态:空间型;是一种静中求真的科学文化精神;中国文化的表现形态:心理时空;是一种在动中写意的文化精神。“格物之功只在身心上做”(王阳明语)中西思维方式对比语言和文化的差异缘于心理文化的差异,其中思维方式的差异对语言文化的转换最具影响。中国人重内涵,英美人重形式;中国人重伦理,英美人重认知;中国人重直觉,英美人重实证;中国人重形象思维,英美人重逻辑思维;中国人重综
2、合性思维,英美人重分析性思维;两种语言各有利弊英语重形合,失去了汉语那种书不尽言、言不尽意的灵动气势;汉语重意合,行文不拘泥于形式逻辑的桎梏,但其结构缺少英语的严谨与缜密。II.形合与意合(hypotaxisandparataxis)形合:thedependentrelationofaclauseorconstructiononanother;意合:theplacingofrelatedclauses,etc.inaserieswithouttheuseofconnectingwords.英语从词语、句子到语篇的组合离不开两
3、种手段:connectivesandinflection(连接词和词尾的曲折变化)。汉语的词语组合灵活自由,即使是句子、语篇之间的衔接也很少用连接词。1.词语花灯――festivallantern花纹――decorativepattern花鞋――embroideredshoes花茶――scentedtea花甲――acycleofsixtyyears花魁――thequeenofflowers花心――two-timing(two-time)花烛――candleswithdragonandphoenixpatternsusedin
4、thebridalchamberontheweddingnight2.句子(1).虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.(2).子曰:“其身正,不令而行;其身不正,虽令不从。”TheMastersaid,“Whenaprince’spersonalconductiscorrect,hisgovernmentiseffectivewithouttheissuingoforders.Ifhispersonalconduct
5、isnotcorrect,hemayissueorders,buttheywillnotbefollowed.”(3).晨起动征铎,客行悲故乡。鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜。…(温庭筠:《商山早行》)MorningontheRoadofMt.ShangJourneyingforthwithtenderthoughtsofhome,Atbreakofdaythetraveler’sbellareheard.Behindthethatchedinn,crowingcockandsettingmoon;Upontheplankedbri
6、dge,footprintsinthefrost.(4).Thereisnomonthinthewholeyear,inwhichnaturewearsamorebeautifulappearancethaninthemonthofAugust!四时之美,八月为最。(5).Eachagehasitspleasuresanditspains,andthehappiestpersonistheonewhoenjoyswhatagegiveshimwithoutwastinghistimeinuselessregrets.人生的不
7、同时代有其不同的甘苦,最幸福之人当属尽享每个时代所赐,而又终生无悔者。(6).子曰:“由!诲女知之乎!知之为知之,不知为不知,是知之也。”TheMastersaid,“You,shallIteachyouwhatknowledgeis?Whenyouknowathing,toholdthatyouknowit,andwhenyoudonotknowathing,toallowthatyoudonotknowit,--thisisknowledge.”(7).知不知,上;不知知,病。夫惟病病,是以不病。圣人不病,以其病病,是以
8、不病。――老子《道德经》Toknowwhenonedoesnotknowisbest.Tothinkoneknowswhenonedoesnotknowisadiredisease.OnlyhewhorecognizesthisdiseaseasadiseaseCancurehimself