克鲁格曼《国际经济学》讲义课件.ppt

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1、CHAPTER2LABORPRODUCTIVITYCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHERICARDIANMODELCopyright©2006西南财经大学吴晓东1ChapterOrganizationIntroductionTheConceptofComparativeAdvantageAOne-FactorEconomyTradeinaOne-FactorWorldComparativeAdvantagewithManyGoodsAddingTransportCostsandNontr

2、adedGoodsSummaryCopyright©2006西南财经大学吴晓东2Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:Theyaredifferentfromeachotherintermsofclimate,land,capital,labor,andtechnology.Theytrytoachievescaleeconomiesinproduction.TheRicardianmodelisbasedontechnolog

3、icaldifferencesacrosscountries.Thesetechnologicaldifferencesarereflectedindifferencesintheproductivityoflabor.IntroductionCopyright©2006西南财经大学吴晓东3OnValentine’sDaytheU.S.demandforrosesisabout10millionroses.GrowingrosesintheU.S.inthewinterisdifficult.He

4、atedgreenhousesshouldbeused.Thecostsforenergy,capital,andlaboraresubstantial.Resourcesfortheproductionofrosescouldbeusedtoproduceothergoods,saycomputers.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantageCopyright©2006西南财经大学吴晓东4OpportunityCostTheopportunitycostofrosesi

5、ntermsofcomputersisthenumberofcomputersthatcouldbeproducedwiththesameresourcesasagivennumberofroses.ComparativeAdvantageAcountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodsiftheopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodsintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrytha

6、nitisinothercountries.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantageCopyright©2006西南财经大学吴晓东5SupposethatintheU.S.10millionrosescanbeproducedwiththesameresourcesas100,000computers.SupposealsothatinSouthAmerica10millionrosescanbeproducedwiththesameresourcesas30,000co

7、mputers.ThisexampleassumesthatSouthAmericanworkersarelessproductivethanU.S.workers.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantageCopyright©2006西南财经大学吴晓东6Ifeachcountryspecializesintheproductionofthegoodswithloweropportunitycosts,tradecanbebeneficialforbothcountries

8、.RoseshaveloweropportunitycostsinSouthAmerica.ComputershaveloweropportunitycostsintheU.S.Thebenefitsfromtradecanbeseenbyconsideringthechangesinproductionofrosesandcomputersinbothcountries.TheConceptofComparativeAdvantageCopyright©2006西南财经大学吴晓