国际经济学克鲁格曼课件7.ppt

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1、Chapter7ExternalEconomiesofScaleandtheInternationalLocationofProductionPreviewTypesofeconomiesofscaleEconomiesofscaleandmarketstructureThetheoryofexternaleconomiesExternaleconomiesandinternationaltradeDynamicincreasingreturnsInternationaltradeandeconomicgeogr

2、aphy2IntroductionThemodelsofcomparativeadvantagethusfarassumedconstantreturnstoscale:Wheninputstoanindustryincreaseatacertainrate,outputincreasesatthesamerate.Ifinputsweredoubled,outputwoulddoubleaswell.3Introduction(cont.)Buttheremaybeincreasingreturnstoscal

3、eoreconomiesofscale:Thismeansthatwheninputstoanindustryincreaseatacertainrate,outputincreasesatafasterrate.Alargerscaleismoreefficient:thecostperunitofoutputfallsasafirmorindustryincreasesoutput.4Introduction(cont.)Forexample,supposeanindustryproduceswidgetsu

4、singonlyoneinput,labor.Considerhowtheamountoflaborrequireddependsonthenumberofwidgetsproduced.Thepresenceofeconomiesofscalemaybeseenfromthefactthatdoublingtheinputoflabormorethandoublestheindustry’soutput.theaverageamountoflaborusedtoproduceeachwidgetislesswh

5、entheindustryproducesmore.5Table7-1:RelationshipofInputtoOutputforaHypotheticalIndustry6Introduction(cont.)Mutuallybeneficialtradecanariseasaresultofeconomiesofscale.Internationaltradepermitseachcountrytoproducealimitedrangeofgoodswithoutsacrificingvarietyinc

6、onsumption.Withtrade,acountrycantakeadvantageofeconomiesofscaletoproducemoreefficientlythanifittriedtoproduceeverythingforitself.7EconomiesofScaleandMarketStructureEconomiesofscalecouldmeaneitherthatlargerfirmsoralargerindustrywouldbemoreefficient.Externaleco

7、nomiesofscaleoccurwhencostperunitofoutputdependsonthesizeoftheindustry.Internaleconomiesofscaleoccurwhenthecostperunitofoutputdependsonthesizeofafirm.8EconomiesofScaleandMarketStructure(cont.)Bothexternalandinternaleconomiesofscaleareimportantcausesofinternat

8、ionaltrade.Theyhavedifferentimplicationsforthestructureofindustries:Anindustrywhereeconomiesofscalearepurelyexternalwilltypicallyconsistofmanysmallfirmsandbeperfectlycompetitive.Internale