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时间:2020-03-05
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1、01ClaytonTextRevise8/9/0412:03pmPage11FromReductiontoEmergenceItiswidelybutfalselyheldthatthereareonlytwomajorwaystointerprettheworld:inaphysicalistorinadualistfashion.ThemistakenbeliefinthisdichotomyhasitsrootsintheconfrontationofNewtonianphysicswiththemetaphy
2、sicalsystemsthatstilldomi-natedintheseventeenthcentury,whichwerebuiltupoutofGreek,Christian,andmedievalelementsÑbutwewillnotworryhereaboutthehistoricalbackgroundstotheconflict.Itisthethesisofthisbookthatthedaysofthisforceddilemmaarepast.Thecasestandsonthreelegs
3、.TwooftheseÑtherevolutioninmetaphysicsbroughtaboutbyKant,GermanIdealism,andprocessthought;andtherevolutioninthetheoryofknowledgebroughtaboutbynon-objectivistepistemologies,contextualistphilosophiesofscience,andinherentlimitsonknowledgediscoveredwithinthescience
4、sthemselvesÑIhaveexploredinotherpublicationsandwillnotrearguehere.1Thepresentargumentagainstthephysicalism-dualismdichotomyisderivedfromathirdsource:therevolutionbroughtaboutbythesciencesofevolution.Theevolutionarypers-pectivehasfatallyundercutbothsidesoftheonc
5、eregnanteither/or:physicalism,withitstendencytostressthesufficiencyofphysics,anddualism,withitstendencytopullmindoutoftheevolutionaryaccountaltogether.Theevolutionaryperspectivewhichisrealigningthelong-establishedphilosophicalfrontiersisthecorepresuppositionoft
6、hemostsuccessfulscientificexplanationwehaveofbiologicalphenom-ena.Moreaccurately,itisacomponentinallbiologicalexplanationsandalabelforalargenumberofspecificempiricalresults.Nowtosaythatbiologicalevolutiondirectlyundercutsphysicalismanddual-ismwouldbeacategorymi
7、stake.Scientifictheorieshavetobeturnedintophilosophicalargumentsbeforetheycansupportorundercutphilosophicalpositions(except,ofcourse,whenphilosophersmakedirecterrorsaboutempiricalfactsorscientifictheories,asnotinfre-quentlyoccurs).InthefollowingpagesIarguethate
8、mergenceisthephilosophicalpositionÑmoreaccurately,thephilosophicalelabora-01ClaytonTextRevise8/9/0412:03pmPage22FromReductiontoEmergencetionofaseriesofscientificresultsÑthat
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