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1、PerspectivetakingTheEmergenceofGrammarfromPerspectiveBrianMacWhinneyCarnegieMellonUniversitymacw@cmu.eduIn:TheGroundingofCognition:Theroleofperceptionandactioninmemory,DianePecherandRolfA.Zwaan(Eds.)Successfulcommunicationrestsnotjustonsharedknowledgeandreference(H.Clark&Marshall
2、,1981),butalsoonaprocessofmutualperspectivetaking.Bygivingclearcuestoourlistenersaboutwhichperspectivestheyshouldassumeandhowtheyshouldmovefromoneperspectivetothenext,wemaximizetheextenttowhichtheycanshareourperceptionsandideas.Whenlanguageisrichincuesforperspectivetakingandpersp
3、ectiveshifting,itawakenstheimaginationofthelistenerandleadstosuccessfulsharingofideas,impressions,attitudes,andnarratives.Whentheprocessofperspectivesharingisdisruptedbyinterruptions,monotony,excessivecomplexity,orlackofsharedknowledge,communicationcanbreakdown.Althoughweundersta
4、ndintuitivelythatperspectivetakingiscentraltocommunication,fewpsycholinguisticorcognitivemodelsassignitmorethanaperipheralrole.Linguistictheorytypicallyviewsperspectiveasasecondarypragmaticfilter(Kuno,1986;O'Grady,inpress)thatoperatesonlyafterhardlinguisticconstraintshavebeenfulf
5、illed.Thispaperexploresthehypothesisthat,farfrombeingperipheralorsecondary,perspectivetakingisattheverycoreoflanguagestructureandhigher-levelcognition.Thisapproach,whichIcallthePerspectiveHypothesis,makesthefollowingbasicclaims:1.Perspectivetakingoperatesonlineusingimagescreatedi
6、nfivesystems:directexperience,space/timedeixis,plans,socialroles,andmentalacts.2.Languageusesperspectivetakingtobindtogetherthesefiveimagerysubsystems.1Perspectivetaking3.Grammaremergesfromconversationasamethodforsupportingaccuratetrackingandswitchingofperspective.4.Bytracingpers
7、pectiveshiftsinlanguage,childrenareabletolearnthecognitivepathwaysandmentalmodelssanctionedbytheirculture.Thishypothesisbuildsonrecentadvancesincognitivelinguistics,embodiedcognition,cognitiveneuroscience,anthropology,anddevelopmentalpsychology.ThePerspectiveHypothesisrepresentsa
8、particularcaseofamoregeneraltypeofanalys
