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1、!1OnGrammaticalCategoriesRonaldW.LangackerUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiegoTheIssue(1)(a)AcentralclaimofCognitiveGrammar:Basicgrammaticalcategories,suchasnounandverb,havesemanticcharacterizationsthatapplytoalltheirmembers.(b)Linguisticdoctrine:“Noconstantsema
2、nticeffectisassociatedwiththefunctioningofamorphemeasanoun,asaverb,orasanyotherpartofspeech.”(Langacker1968:83)(2)Standardargument:“Let’saskwhethereachpartofspeechreallydenotesaconsistentkindofmeaning...Nowitistruethatanywordthatnamesanobjectwillbeanoun.But
3、ontheotherhand,noteverynounnamesanobject.‘Earthquake’names,ifanything,anaction,asdoes‘concert’;‘redness’and‘size’nameproperties;‘place’and‘location’prettyobviouslynamelocations.Infact,forjustaboutanykindofentitywecanthinkof,thereexistnounsthatnamethatkindof
4、entity.Sothegrammaticalnotionofnouncan’tbegivenadefinitionintermsofwhatkindofentityitnames...Aparticularkindofentityneednotcorrespondtoasinglepartofspeecheither...Weconcludethatpartsofspeech...arenotdefinableintermsofmeaning.”(Jackendoff1994:68-69)(3)Non-vali
5、dityofthestandardargument:(a)Theinadequacyofparticulardefinitionsdoesnotestablishthatnonecanbeadequate.(b)Onlyalimitedrangeofcandidatesareconsidered(conceptualarchetypes).(c)Itpresupposesanobjectivistsemantics,makingnoreferencetoconceptualizationortoconstrua
6、l,ourcapacitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternateways.(4)(a)Conceptualarchetypes:generalnotionsreflectingfundamentalaspectsofhumanexperience,suchas‘object’,‘action’,‘event’,‘motion’,‘property’,and‘location’.(b)Archetypesfunctionastheprototypesofba
7、siccategories:‘object’fornouns(e.g.cup),‘event’forverbs(break),‘property’foradjectives(blue).(c)Characterizationsvalidforallcategorymembersmustbehighlyschematic,abstractingawayfromanyspecificconceptualcontent.Theyconsistinbasiccognitiveabilities.TheCGAnalysi
8、s(5)(a)Aconception(anykindofexperience)consistsinprocessingactivity.Anentityisanythingwearecapableofexperiencingorapprehending.(b)Wecanonlybeawareofsomuchatanyonemoment:alimitedscopeofawareness.(c)Thec
