资源描述：
《The Categories(范畴) 》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、TheCategoriesTheCategoriesByAristotleTranslatedbyE.M.Edghill1TheCategoriesSection1Part1Thingsaresaidtobenamed'equivocally'when,thoughtheyhaveacommonname,thedefinitioncorrespondingwiththenamediffersforeach.Thus,arealmanandafigureinapicturecanbothlayclaimtothenam
2、e'animal';yettheseareequivocallysonamed,for,thoughtheyhaveacommonname,thedefinitioncorrespondingwiththenamediffersforeach.Forshouldanyonedefineinwhatsenseeachisananimal,hisdefinitionintheonecasewillbeappropriatetothatcaseonly.Ontheotherhand,thingsaresaidtobenam
3、ed'univocally'whichhaveboththenameandthedefinitionansweringtothenameincommon.Amanandanoxareboth'animal',andtheseareunivocallysonamed,inasmuchasnotonlythename,butalsothedefinition,isthesameinbothcases:forifamanshouldstateinwhatsenseeachisananimal,thestatementint
4、heonecasewouldbeidenticalwiththatintheother.Thingsaresaidtobenamed'derivatively',whichderivetheirnamefromsomeothername,butdifferfromitintermination.Thusthegrammarianderiveshisnamefromtheword'grammar',andthecourageousmanfromtheword'courage'.Part2Formsofspeechare
5、eithersimpleorcomposite.Examplesofthelatteraresuchexpressionsas'themanruns','themanwins';oftheformer'man','ox','runs','wins'.Ofthingsthemselvessomearepredicableofasubject,andareneverpresentinasubject.Thus'man'ispredicableoftheindividualman,andisneverpresentinas
6、ubject.Bybeing'presentinasubject'Idonotmeanpresentaspartsarepresentinawhole,butbeingincapableofexistenceapartfromthesaid2TheCategoriessubject.Somethings,again,arepresentinasubject,butareneverpredicableofasubject.Forinstance,acertainpointofgrammaticalknowledgeis
7、presentinthemind,butisnotpredicableofanysubject;oragain,acertainwhitenessmaybepresentinthebody(forcolourrequiresamaterialbasis),yetitisneverpredicableofanything.Otherthings,again,arebothpredicableofasubjectandpresentinasubject.Thuswhileknowledgeispresentinthehu
8、manmind,itispredicableofgrammar.Thereis,lastly,aclassofthingswhichareneitherpresentinasubjectnorpredicableofasubject,suchastheindividualmanortheindividualhorse.But,tospeakmo
