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1、CATEGORIESbyAristotletranslatedbyE.M.Edghill1Thingsaresaidtobenamed'equivocally'when,thoughtheyhaveacommonname,thedefinitioncorrespondingwiththenamediffersforeach.Thus,arealmanandafigureinapicturecanbothlayclaimtothename'animal';yettheseareequivocallysonamed,
2、for,thoughtheyhaveacommonname,thedefinitioncorrespondingwiththenamediffersforeach.Forshouldanyonedefineinwhatsenseeachisananimal,hisdefinitionintheonecasewillbeappropriatetothatcaseonly.Ontheotherhand,thingsaresaidtobenamed'univocally'whichhaveboththenameandt
3、hedefinitionansweringtothenameincommon.Amanandanoxareboth'animal',andtheseareunivocallysonamed,inasmuchasnotonlythename,butalsothedefinition,isthesameinbothcases:forifamanshouldstateinwhatsenseeachisananimal,thestatementintheonecasewouldbeidenticalwiththatint
4、heother.Thingsaresaidtobenamed'derivatively',whichderivetheirnamefromsomeothername,butdifferfromitintermination.Thusthegrammarianderiveshisnamefromtheword'grammar',andthecourageousmanfromtheword'courage'.2Formsofspeechareeithersimpleorcomposite.Examplesofthel
5、atteraresuchexpressionsas'themanruns','themanwins';oftheformer'man','ox','runs','wins'.Ofthingsthemselvessomearepredicableofasubject,andareneverpresentinasubject.Thus'man'ispredicableoftheindividualman,andisneverpresentinasubject.Bybeing'presentinasubject'Ido
6、notmeanpresentaspartsarepresentinawhole,butbeingincapableofexistenceapartfromthesaidsubject.Somethings,again,arepresentinasubject,butareneverpredicableofasubject.Forinstance,acertainpointofgrammaticalknowledgeispresentinthemind,butisnotpredicableofanysubject;
7、oragain,acertainwhitenessmaybepresentinthebody(forcolourrequiresamaterialbasis),yetitisneverpredicableofanything.Otherthings,again,arebothpredicableofasubjectandpresentinasubject.Thuswhileknowledgeispresentinthehumanmind,itispredicableofgrammar.Thereis,lastly
8、,aclassofthingswhichareneitherpresentinasubjectnorpredicableofasubject,suchastheindividualmanortheindividualhorse.But,tospeakmoregenerally,thatwhichisindividualandhasthecharacterofaunitis
