神经元和神经胶质细胞-神经元1

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1、NeurobiologyNeuroscienceResearchInstitute神經科學研究所OneoftheCajal’smanydrawingsofBraincircuityTheletterslabelthedifferentelementsCajalidentifiedinanareaofthehumancerebralcortexthatcontrolsvoluntarymovement.Neurons:Excitablecells–“wiring”“SignalSenders”Neuroglia:Support,Nurturing,Insu

2、lationCellularComponentsNerveCellsNeuronsNeuroglia二、神经元1.结构胞体树突突起轴突胞体树突轴突神经末梢神经胶质细胞(1)胞体soma是神经元营养和代谢的中心，主要位于脑皮质，脊髓的灰质以及神经节内。①细胞膜cellmembrane可兴奋膜，感受刺激，传导神经冲动。②细胞核cellnucleus核大而圆，位于细胞中央，着色浅，核仁明显。③细胞质cytoplasm除了有一般的细胞器外，还有尼氏体、神经原纤维※尼氏体NisslbodyLM:颗粒或斑块状EM：有RER、R功能：合成蛋白质，如结构蛋白、酶、神经调

3、质等。1.细胞膜2.细胞核3.核仁4.尼氏体5.轴丘※神经原纤维neurofibril银染LM：呈棕黑色细丝EM：神经丝、微管功能：构成神经元的细胞骨架，也参与物质运输。(2)突起分树突与轴突①树突dendrite一个或多个，粗短且有分支，结构类似细胞质。功能：接受刺激，传向胞体。②轴突axon只有一条，细而长，内无尼氏体。※轴丘axonhillock：无尼氏体。功能：传导兴奋冲动，传离胞体。Cellbody(soma;perikaryon)Axon:onlyone(branchesarecollaterals;terminalsareendfeet)D

4、endrites:muchshorter;oneormorethanone;branchextensivelyintodendritictreesStructureofNeuronsAxonHillock(Axonalendfeet)TheAxonandAxonCollateralsCellBody(Soma):LifeSupportProteinSynthesisSingleNucleus,RER(NisslBodies)Axon:LongestprocesstransmitsmessagesawayfromcellbodyDendrites:Mult

5、ipleprocessesoffcellbody–receivemessagesNeuronsStructure&FunctionNeuronsaresimilartoothercellsinthebodyinsomewayssuchas:1.Neuronsaresurroundedbyamembrane.2.Neuronshaveanucleusthatcontainsgenes.3.Neuronscontain:Whatareinsideofaneuron?NucleusNucleolusMicrofilaments/NeurotubulesEndo

6、plasmicReticulum(ER)MitochondriaGolgiApparatusNisslBodiesOthersDendrites:dendritetreeAxon:axonhillock(axonorigination)axonaltransportsysteminitialsegment(firstmyelinsheath)actionpotentialgenerationmyelinsheathAxonandDendritesAxonsDendritesTakeinformationawayfromthecellbodyTakein

7、formationtothecellbodySmoothsurfaceRoughsurface(dendriticspines)Generallyonly1axonpercellUsuallymanydendritespercellNoribosomeHaveribosomesCanhavemyelinNomyelininsulationBranchfurtherfromthecellbodyBranchnearthecellbodyDifferencesbetweenAxonsandDendritesNeuronClassificationbyShap

8、eMultipolar:“multi-”manyprocessesMajorit