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1、I.A.Richards:TheoryofMetaphor,TheoryasMetaphoricVariationAffectiveCriticism:TheoriesofEmotionandSynaesthesisintheExperienceofLiteratureDA31:6612-13A(1970),S.U.N.Y.atBuffaloPh.D.Dissertation,ChapterOnebyEdwardJayneJuly,1970WithoutdoubtI.A.Richardshasbeenthedominantandmostinfluentialfi
2、gureinthehistoryofNewCriticism.Manypoetsandcriticshaveplayedsignificantrolesinthismovement,butitstheoreticalcohesionhasforthemostpartresultedfromitscollectiveefforttocometotermswithcriticalissuesintroducedbyRichards.Manyoftendisagreedwithhim,andoftenvigorously,buttheirdifferencesobli
3、gedthemtospellouttheirownunderstanding,confirminghispivotalroleasthesourceandpointofdeparturefortheirideas.JohnCroweRansomstatedinTheNewCriticism,publishedin1941,“DiscussionofthenewcriticismmuststartwithMr.Richards.Thenewcriticismverynearlybeganwithhim.”AllenTatealsoacknowledgedhisin
4、debtednessinhisPrefacetoEssaysofFourDecades:NobodywhoreadI.A.Richards’PracticalCriticismwhenitappearedin1929couldreadanypoemashehadreaditbefore.Fromthattimeononehadtoreadpoetrywithallthebrainsonehadandwithone’sarmsandlegs,aswellaswhat1maybeinsidetheribcage.Inaretrospectiveessay,Clean
5、thBrookstookpainstoexplainhowhisintellectualgrowthbeganinreactionagainstRichards’speculationsinpoetictheory:Ireadhimhard,inpartbecauseIfeltthathehadtoberefuted,andintheprocessoftryingtofindtherefutation--itwasnoteasy,Iquicklydiscovered--Ilearnedagreatdealaboutpoetryandaboutliteraryth
6、eory.Infact,itdawnedonmefairlyearlythateventhoseconceptsofRichardswhichseemedtomymindmostoutrageouscouldyield--oftendidyield,whentiltedjustalittle,orperhapsitwassimplymywillingnesstoalteramitemyownangleofvision--observationsandinsightsthatweretrueandilluminating,andthat,inanycase,con
7、tainedmatter2thatIneededtoponder.NowonderthatStanleyEdgarHymencouldclaiminTheArmedVision,publishedin1948,perhapsthemostaccessiblesummaryofNewCriticismatthetime,thatRichardswas“thegreatestandmostimportantofpracticingliterarycritics,”orthatReneWellek,thereigningscholarofthemovement,who
8、seintellectu
