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1、TheContemporaryTheoryofMetaphorPagina1di41Fromlakoff@cogsci.Berkeley.EDUFriJan2920:06:361993Date:Fri,29Jan9318:02:16-0800From:GeorgeLakoffTo:market@henson.cc.wwu.eduSubject:Re:metaphorsTheContemporaryTheoryofMetaphorGeorgeLakoff(c)CopyrightGeorgeLakoff,1992ToAppearinOr
2、tony,Andrew(ed.)MetaphorandThought(2ndedition),CambridgeUniversityPress.Donotgogentleintothatgoodnight.-DylanThomasDeathisthemotherofbeauty...-WallaceStevens,SundayMorningIntroductionThesefamouslinesbyThomasandStevensareexamplesofwhatclassicaltheorists,atleastsinceAris
3、totle,havereferredtoasmetaphor:instancesofnovelpoeticlanguageinwhichwordslikemother,go,andnightarenotusedintheirnormaleverydaysenses.Inclassicaltheoriesoflanguage,metaphorwasseenasamatteroflanguagenotthought.Metaphoricalexpressionswereassumedtobemutuallyexclusivewithth
4、erealmofordinaryeverydaylanguage:everydaylanguagehadnometaphor,andmetaphorusedmechanismsoutsidetherealmofeverydayconventionallanguage.Theclassicaltheorywastakensomuchforgrantedoverthecenturiesthatmanypeopledidn'trealizethatitwasjustatheory.Thetheorywasnotmerelytakentob
5、etrue,butcametobetakenasdefinitional.Thewordmetaphorwasdefinedasanovelorpoeticlinguisticexpressionwhereoneormorewordsforaconceptareusedoutsideofitsnormalconventionalmeaningtoexpressasimilarconcept.Butsuchissuesarenotmattersfordefinitions;theyareempiricalquestions.Asaco
6、gnitivescientistandalinguist,oneasks:Whatarethegeneralizationsgoverningthelinguisticexpressionsreferredtoclassicallyaspoeticmetaphors?Whenthisquestionisansweredrigorously,theclassicaltheoryturnsouttobefalse.Thegeneralizationsgoverningpoeticmetaphoricalexpressionsarenot
7、inlanguage,butinthought:Theyaregeneralmappingsacrossconceptualdomains.Moreover,thesegeneralprincipleswhichtaketheformofconceptualmappings,applynotjusttonovelpoeticexpressions,buttomuchofordinaryeverydaylanguage.Inshort,thelocusofmetaphorisnotinlanguageatall,butintheway
8、weconceptualizeonementaldomainintermsofanother.Thegeneraltheoryofmetaphorisgivenbycharacterizingsuchcross-domainmappi
