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1、Whatislinguistics?definition:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasscientificstudyoflanguage.1Whatislanguage?LanguagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationThemainfeaturesoflanguage:Languageisasystem.Elementsoflanguagearearrangedaccordingtorules;can’tbecombined
2、atwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.Languageishuman-s
3、pecific.Itisdifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.symbolic----wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsandideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”----ShakespeareDesignFeaturesofLanguage?Designfeatures”referstothedefiningprop
4、ertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationDesignfeaturesArbitrarinessDualityProductivity/CreativityDisplacementArbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel:languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.Hecameinandsatdown.Hesatdownandcamein.Hesatdownafterhecamein.Thelinkbetweenal
5、inguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconventionSaussure:theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning(Nologicalconnectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.)Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeicwords:ThedogbarksbowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChin
6、ese.Dualityreferstothepropertyoflanguagewithtwolevelsofstructure,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atonelevel,thesounds,whicharemeaninglessinisolation,canbegroupedandregroupedintounitsofmeaning.Forexample,soundssuchasf,g,d,o,meannothingseparately.Whencombinedtogether,theytakeonmeaning,asinfog,
7、dog,god.Productivity/CreativityItmeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Itreferstothepropertythatlanguageenableslanguageuserstoproduceorunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesincludiingnovelsentencesbyuseofafiniteset
