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1、LectureNineChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSocietyIthaslongbeenrecognizedthatlanguageisanessentialandimportantpartofagivencultureandthattheimpactofcultureuponagivenlanguageissomethingintrinsicandindispensible.Thischapterisamultidisciplinaryattemptingtoprovideadifferentperspectivetothestud
2、yoflanguagescienceintermsofsomenewtendenciesanddevelopmentsinthefieldofsociolinguistics.Wepayourattentionto:languageandculture,Languageandsociety,andlanguageandcross-culturalcommunication.27.1languageandcultureWhatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepat
3、ternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.7.1.1TherelationshipbetweenL&CThereexistsacloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,generally,arelationofparttowhole,forLispartofC.Languageisanindispensible
4、carrierofculture.Theknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople’sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL.Culturefindsabetterrepresentationthroughlanguageuse.Languageandculturecorrelatewitheachotheratdifferentlevelsoflinguisticstructure.3AhistoricalsurveyofthestudyoftherelationbetweenLan
5、dCAnthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:astudyoflanguageinasocio-culturalcontext.AccordingtoMalinowski(1884-1942),themeaningofawordgreatlydependsuponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext,orrather,uponareallanguagesituationinlife.“Initsprimitiveuses,languagefunctionsasalinkinconcertedhumanactivity,amod
6、eofaction,andnotaninstrumentofreflection.”TheworkofMalinowskipavedthewayforacultural,rather,acontextualstudyoflanguageuseinBritain.TheoryofthecontextofsituationInordertosetupamodelforillustratingthecloserelationbetweenlanguageuseanditsco-ocurrentfactors,J.R.Firth(1890-1960)developedthisth
7、eory.4(a)Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,andpersonalities.i.Theverbalactionoftheparticipants.ii.Thenon-verbalactionoftheparticipants.(b)Therelevantobjects.(c)TheeffectsoftheverbalactionTwopointscanbemadetoshowthestrongculture-orientedimplicationofthisth
