语言学知识点(语言学简明教程胡壮麟版)

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1、ⅠDefinitionA卷①Phonetics语言学(P17)Phoneticsisthefieldoflanguagestudyconcerningthephysicalpropertiesofsoundsandspeechsounds.②Minimalpairs最小辨立对(P42)Theyaremadeupofsimilarsoundsequenceexceptforthedifferenceofonesoundinthecorrespondingposition.③Open-class开放类词(P66)Theyarei

2、ndefinitelyextendable.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classwords.④Invariablewords可变化词(P67)Invariablewordsrefertothosewordssuchasconjunctions,prepositions,interjections,etc..Theydonothaveinflectiveendings.⑤Morpheme语素(P68)Inlinguistics,theminimalunitof

3、meaningiscalledmorpheme.⑥Compounds复合词(P69)Compoundsconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes.⑦Derivation派生(P72)Derivationistheprocessinwhichnewwordsarecreatedfromalreadyexistingwordsthroughaffixation.⑧Pragmatics语用学(P150)Pragmaticsisastudyoftheintendedmeaningofspeakersinaparticu

4、larcontext.⑨Blending缩合(P187)Blendingheremeanstoformanewwordbyjoiningtheinitialpartofawordandtheinitialorfinalpartofanotherwordtogether.⑩Dissimilation异化(P189)Thisoccurswhenoneoftwosimilaroridenticalsoundsinawordchangeinsuchawaythatitbecomeslesssimilartotheother.B卷①A

5、rticulatoryphonetics发声语音学(P18)Itstudiesthesoundunitsfromtheangleofhoweachsoundsegmentisarticulated.②Diphthongs(P)Therearevowelswhichmaybedescribedasasequenceoftwosounds,ortheglidefromonevowelpositiontoanother.③Minimalpairs最小辨立对(P42)Theyaremadeupofsimilarsoundsequen

6、ceexceptforthedifferenceofonesoundinthecorrespondingposition.④Closed-class封闭类词(P66)Wordsinthisclasscannotnormallybeextendedbythereationofadditionalmembers.⑤Stem词干(P70)Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.⑥Conversion转化(P75)C

7、onversionisactuallythederivationalprocesswherebyawordisadaptedorconvertedtoanewword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.⑦Text语篇(P112)Atextisachunkoflanguagespokenorwrittenforcommunicationinactualcircumstances.⑧Theme主位(P113)Themeisthepointofdepartureinasentence.Therest

8、oftheclauseiscalledtheRheme（述位）.⑨Assimilation同化(P189)Assimilationisasoundbecomesmoresimilartoitsadjacentsound.⑩Idiolect个人方言(P202)Idiolectrefersto