Compare and Contrast Similarities and Differences between Different Cognitive Learning Theories

《Compare and Contrast Similarities and Differences between Different Cognitive Learning Theories》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

1、CompareandContrastSimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenDifferentCognitiveLearningTheories1.MainCognitiveTheories1.1LearningTheoryofGestaltPsychologyGestaltisaperspectivefocusesonthebeliefthathumanconsciousnesscannotbebrokendownintoitselements.Thisapproachtopsychologywasfou

2、ndedontheconceptofthegestalt,orwhole.GestaltpsychologistsledbyMaxWertheimer(1880-1943),WolfgangKohler(1887–1967)andKurtKoffka(1886–1941)havemadesubstantialcontributionstoourunderstandingofperception.Gestaltistspointedoutthatperceptionhasmeaningonlywhenitisseenasawhole.

3、1)GestaltPrinciplesofLearningLearning,totheGestaltist,iscognitivephenomenon.Thelearners“comestosee”thesolutionafterponderingaproblem.Thelearnerthinksaboutalloftheingredientsnecessarytosolveaproblemandputthemtogether(cognitively)firstonewayandthenanotheruntiltheproblemi

4、ssolved.Whenthesolutioncomes,itcomessuddenly;thatis,thelearnergainsaninsightintothesolutionofaproblem.Theproblemcanexistonlyintwostates:solvedandunsolved.Thereisnostateofpartialsolutioninbetween.So,eithersolutionisreachedoritisnot;learningtoGestaltistswasdiscontinous.2

5、)LearningProcesses:InsightThetrialanderrorlearningiscognitiveratherthanbehavioral.Theysaidthatthelearnersrunthroughanumberofhypothesisconcerninganeffectivewaytosolveaproblem.Theanimalthinksaboutdifferentpossiblesolutionsuntilithitsononethatworks,andthenitactsonthatsolu

6、tionbehaviorally.Whenthecorrectstrategyisdiscovered,,insightoccurred.TheGestaltiststhoughtthat,onemustbeexposedtoallelementsoftheproblem,otherwiseitsbehaviorwillseemtobeblinkandgroping.TheCharacteristicsofInsightfulLearning:(a)Thetransitionfrompresolutiontosolutionishi

7、ddenandcomplete.(b)Performancebasedonasolutiongainedbyinsightisusuallysmoothandfreeoferrors.(c)Asolutiontoaproblemgainedbyinsightisretainedforaconsiderablelengthoftime.(d)Aprinciplegainedbyinsightiseasilyappliedtootherproblems.3)LearningOutcomes:Gestaltconfigurationorp

8、attern.1.2Bruner’sLearningTheoryBrunerisacognitivepsychologistwhoishighlyinterestedinlearningprocess.Hehasbeenacknowl