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1、ABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOLANGUAGELanguageINTRODUCTIONLanguage, the principal meansusedbyhumanbeingstocommunicatewithoneanother.Languageisprimarilyspoken,althoughitcanbetransferredtoothermedia,suchaswriting.Ifthespokenmeansofcommunicationisunavailable,asmaybethecaseamongthedeaf,visual(视觉的)meanssuchassig
2、nlanguagecanbeused.Languages constantly undergochanges,resultinginthedevelopmentofdifferentvarietiesofthelanguages.DialectsA dialect is a varietyofalanguagespokenbyagroupofpeople.Dialects develop primarilyasaresultoflimitedcommunicationbetweendifferentpartsofacommunitythatshareonelanguage.Undersuc
3、hcircumstances,changesthattakeplaceinthelanguageofonepartofthecommunitydonotspreadelsewhere.Asaresult,thespeechvarietiesbecomemoredistinctfromoneanother.ThedifferentchangesthattookplaceinspokenLatinindifferentpartsoftheRomanEmpire,forexample,eventuallygaverisetothedistinctmodernRomancelanguages,in
4、cludingFrench,Spanish,Portuguese（葡萄牙语）,andItalian.SocialVarietiesofLanguageSlangandjargon（术语）aremorespecializedtermsforcertainsociallanguagevarietiesusuallydefinedbytheirspecializedvocabularies.Slangreferstoinformalvocabulary,especiallyshort-livedcoinages（新造的字）,thatdonotbelongtoalanguage'sstandard
5、vocabulary.Ajargoncomprisesthespecializedvocabularyofaparticulartradeorprofession。Acatmaylookataking.[字面意思]猫也可以看国王。[解释]无名小卒也可以评论大人物。人皆可以为尧舜。不要因为别人的资格不够老，或经验不如你多，就不让他发表意见。Badnewstravelsfast.[字面意思]坏消息传得快。[解释]好事不出门，坏事传千里。Easycome,easygo.[字面意思]来的容易，去的快。[解释]这句话适合讲给那些把什么事都看得容易的人。尤其是对那种认为挣钱容易，不把钱当钱，对任何事情
6、都不担心的人最适合。应该提醒这种人"钱不是长在树上的"。钱不是像树上的果实一样，今年吃光了明年还会自动长出来。有些人自己不挣钱，不知道挣钱的艰辛。LANGUAGESOFTHEWORLDThe10mostwidelyspokenlanguages,withapproximatenumbersofnativespeakers,areasfollows:Chinese,1.3billion;Arabic,422million;Hindi,366million;English,341million;Spanish,322to358million;Bengali,207million;Portugu
7、ese,176million;Russian,167million;Japanese,125million;German,100million.Ifsecond-languagespeakersareincludedinthesefigures,Englishisthesecondmostwidelyspokenlanguage,with508millionspeakers.EnglishLanguageEnglishL
