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1、外文题目：InformalandFormalMoneyTransfer:FinancialServiceorFinancial出处：InternationalJournalofSociologyandSocialPolicy作者：ShahidNawaz,RoddyMcKinnonandRobertWebb原文：InformalandFormalMoneyTransfer:FinancialServiceorFinancialCrimeShahidNawaz,RoddyMcKinnonandRobertWebbINTRODUCT
2、IONPriortotheeventsof11thSeptember,2001,inter-nationalcooperationinthefieldofglobalfinancialcrimepreventionwasalreadywellestablished.PromptedbyseparateinitiativesledbytheUnitedNationsOrganisationandtheBaselCommitteeinthelate1980s,thecreationin1989oftheFinancialActio
3、nTaskForceonMoneyLaundering(FATF)bytheG7countriessetinplaceaninternationalbodytocoordinateanti-moneylaunderingmeasuresacross26countriesandjurisdictions.Subsequently,andpromptedbythecreationoftheFATF,otherregionalinterstateorganisationsinwesternandeasternEurope,acros
4、stheAmericasandtheCaribbean,andalsoinAsia,havedraftedsimilaranti-moneylaunderingstandardsfortheirrespectivecountriesInturn,theseinterstateregulatoryinitiativeshavebeencomplementedbyparallelbusinessledvoluntaryinitiatives,suchastheexampleoftheWolfsbergAnti-MoneyLaund
5、eringPrinciplesdesignedtopromotegreatertransparencyacrossthebankingsector.ThecorepolicyobjectivesoftheFATFandthesubsequentregionaloffshootsandbusinessledinitiativeshasbeentoimprovetheeffectivenessofcriminaljusticesystems,deviseefficientfinancialsystemregulationsandf
6、ollowthesewitheffectivelawenforcementinordertocombatmoneylaunderingactivities.However,combatingincreasinglytransnationalmoneylaunderingactivitiespresentssignificantregulatoryandlawenforcementchallenges.AsMoulettehasreported,citingfiguresfromtheIMF,'thescaleofmoneyla
7、underingworldwidecouldbesomewherebetween2percentand5percentofworldGDP'.InspiteofthisongoingcoordinatedactivitytheattacksontheWorldTradeCentreandthePentagonhaveledtheFATFtofocusmoreactivelyitsattentionuponpreviouslytolerated,ifnotlegallysanctionedandcontrolled,inform
8、alfinancialservices'networks'.Emergingevidenceindicatesthatinformalfinancialservicesnetworkshaveplayedaninstrumentalroleintheinternational
