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1、外文题目：InformalandFormalMoneyTransfer:FinancialServiceorFinancial出处：InternationalJournalofSociologyandSocialPolicy作者：ShahidNawaz,RoddyMcKinnonandRobertWebb原文：InformalandFormalMoneyTransfer:FinancialServiceorFinancialCrimeShahidNawaz,RoddyMcKinnonandRobertWebbINTROD
2、UCTIONPriortotheeventsof11thSeptember,2001,inter-nationalcooperationinthefieldofglobalfinancialcrimepreventionwasalreadywellestablished.PromptedbyseparateinitiativesledbytheUnitedNationsOrganisationandtheBaselCommitteeinthelate1980s,thecreationin1989oftheFinancia
3、lActionTaskForceonMoneyLaundering(FATF)bytheG7countriessetinplaceaninternationalbodytocoordinateanti-moneylaunderingmeasuresacross26countriesandjurisdictions.Subsequently,andpromptedbythecreationoftheFATF,otherregionalinterstateorganisationsinwesternandeasternEur
4、ope,acrosstheAmericasandtheCaribbean,andalsoinAsia,havedraftedsimilaranti-moneylaunderingstandardsfortheirrespectivecountriesInturn,theseinterstateregulatoryinitiativeshavebeencomplementedbyparallelbusinessledvoluntaryinitiatives,suchastheexampleoftheWolfsbergAnt
5、i-MoneyLaunderingPrinciplesdesignedtopromotegreatertransparencyacrossthebankingsector.ThecorepolicyobjectivesoftheFATFandthesubsequentregionaloffshootsandbusinessledinitiativeshasbeentoimprovetheeffectivenessofcriminaljusticesystems,deviseefficientfinancialsystem
6、regulationsandfollowthesewitheffectivelawenforcementinordertocombatmoneylaunderingactivities.However,combatingincreasinglytransnationalmoneylaunderingactivitiespresentssignificantregulatoryandlawenforcementchallenges.AsMoulettehasreported,citingfiguresfromtheIMF,
7、'thescaleofmoneylaunderingworldwidecouldbesomewherebetween2percentand5percentofworldGDP'.InspiteofthisongoingcoordinatedactivitytheattacksontheWorldTradeCentreandthePentagonhaveledtheFATFtofocusmoreactivelyitsattentionuponpreviouslytolerated,ifnotlegallysanctione
8、dandcontrolled,informalfinancialservices'networks'.Emergingevidenceindicatesthatinformalfinancialservicesnetworkshaveplayedaninstrumentalroleintheinternational
