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1、外文题目：InformalandFormalMoneyTransfer:FinancialServiceorFinancial出处：InternationalJournalofSociologyandSocialPolicy作者：ShahidNawaz,RoddyMcKinnonandRobertWebb原文：InformalandFormalMoneyTransfer:FinancialServiceorFinancialCrimeShahidNawaz,RoddyMcKinnonandRobertWebbINTRODUCTIONPriortotheeventsof11
2、thSeptember,2001,inter-nationalcooperationinthefieldofglobalfinancialcrimepreventionwasalreadywellestablished.PromptedbyseparateinitiativesledbytheUnitedNationsOrganisationandtheBaselCommitteeinthelate1980s,thecreationin1989oftheFinancialActionTaskForceonMoneyLaundering(FATF)bytheG7countr
3、iessetinplaceaninternationalbodytocoordinateanti-moneylaunderingmeasuresacross26countriesandjurisdictions.Subsequently,andpromptedbythecreationoftheFATF,otherregionalinterstateorganisationsinwesternandeasternEurope,acrosstheAmericasandtheCaribbean,andalsoinAsia,havedraftedsimilaranti-mone
4、ylaunderingstandardsfortheirrespectivecountriesInturn,theseinterstateregulatoryinitiativeshavebeencomplementedbyparallelbusinessledvoluntaryinitiatives,suchastheexampleoftheWolfsbergAnti-MoneyLaunderingPrinciplesdesignedtopromotegreatertransparencyacrossthebankingsector.Thecorepolicyobjec
5、tivesoftheFATFandthesubsequentregionaloffshootsandbusinessledinitiativeshasbeentoimprovetheeffectivenessofcriminaljusticesystems,deviseefficientfinancialsystemregulationsandfollowthesewitheffectivelawenforcementinordertocombatmoneylaunderingactivities.However,combatingincreasinglytransnat
6、ionalmoneylaunderingactivitiespresentssignificantregulatoryandlawenforcementchallenges.AsMoulettehasreported,citingfiguresfromtheIMF,'thescaleofmoneylaunderingworldwidecouldbesomewherebetween2percentand5percentofworldGDP'.InspiteofthisongoingcoordinatedactivitytheattacksontheWorldTradeCen
7、treandthePentagonhaveledtheFATFtofocusmoreactivelyitsattentionuponpreviouslytolerated,ifnotlegallysanctionedandcontrolled,informalfinancialservices'networks'.Emergingevidenceindicatesthatinformalfinancialservicesnetworkshaveplayedaninstrumentalroleintheinternational
