从目的论的角度透析新闻翻译

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PENETRATINGNEWSTRANSLATIONFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFSKOPOSTHEORYByJiangRong一UnderthesupervisionofProf．ZhanQuanwangAthesissubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofMasterofArtstotheSchoolofForeignStudiesAnhuiUniversityApril2013 独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得安徽大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名：殇鳕签字日期：力7多．歹．j．)学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解安徽大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权安徽大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。学位淼?鬻威胁嚣：磊≮、吧学位论文作者签名：橇弗导师签名：夕左}≮、矿2签字日期：≯玢多孑l签字日期：加f3．r3／学位论文作者毕业去向：工作单位：跏氟嘭譬电话：，彩钐夥吖‘。通讯地址：邮编： AcknowledgementsMydeepestgratitudegoestomykindandrespectedsupervisor,ProfessorZhanQuanwang，whosegenerousinstructionshavehelpedmecompletethisdissertation．IhavebenefitedSOmuchfromhissuggestionsandguidance谢thhisprofoundacademicknowledge．Thanksforhisprecioussuggestions，patienceandsupportallthetime．Second，1wouldliketoexpressmysincerethankfidnesstotheprofessorsandteacherswhohavetaughtmeduringmystudyattheSchoolofForeignStudies，AnhuiUniversity．TheyareProf．ZhuYue，Prof．ZhouFangzhu，Prof．ZhangMing，Dr．HuJian，andDr．QiTao．Thanksforrenderingmeeruditelearningandselflessteachingduringmystudy．Finally,specialthanksgotomydearhusbandandmyfriends，whosenever-endingsupportandencouragementhelpmethroughmywayofwritingthisdissertation． AbstractWiththeamazingdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyaswellasChina’SentryintotheWTO，cross-culturalcommunicationbecomesmoreandmorefrequent，andcross-culturalcommunicationcan'tbeseparated、析tlltheinformationaltransmission．Therefore，newstranslationplaysagreatsignificantroleinthetransmissionofnewsinformation．Duetosuchcharacteristicsofnewsastimeliness，importance，prominence，localityandinterest，cross-culturalnewstranslationisrequiredtonotonlymaintainthesecharacteristics，butalsocorrectlyexpressthemeaningoftheoriginalnewsinformation，whichmakesnewstranslationconfronted、航thagreatchallenge．Obviously,aneffectivetranslationtheoryisneededtoguidethepracticeofthenewstranslation．GermanfunctionalismtranslationmasterHansJ．VermeerputsforwardthreerulesofSkopostheoryanditissignificantforguidingthenewstranslation．Thisstudyhasthefollowingfmdings：Newstranslationisapurposefulaction．Becausediscrepanciesexistamongdifferentlanguages，culturesandideologies，itisveryhardtotranslatethesourcetextinaliteralwayforthenewstranslator．Itcan'tachievetheidealeffectofinformationdisseminationsometimesifthenewstranslatoriscompletelyloyaltotheST．NewstranslatorCantakeskoposruleoftheSkopostheoryasaguidanceandexerthissubjectivityfullytoadopttranslationstrategiessuchasabridgmentandadaptationtowellachievethepurposeofinformationdissemination．NewstranslationrequiresthetargetlanguagereaderstounderstandtheTT,andthenewstranslatorneedstotransfertheoriginallanguageandcultureintothetargetlanguageandculturethatarefamiliartothetargetlanguagereaders．II HecanfollowcoherenceruleoftheSkopostheoryandadopttarget-languageandtarget—cultureorientedstrategiestomaketheTTsignificantinthecommunicativesettingandcultureinwhichitisaccepted．NewstranslationneedstobeloyaltotheinformationoftheSTandneedstomaintainasmuchoriginalstyleandcultureaspossible．NewstranslatorCanfollowfidelityruleoftheSkopostheorytoadoptthetranslationstrategyofmaintainingtheoriginalstyleandculture，whichmakesthetargetlanguagereadersunderstandtheinformationoftheSTandtheycalllearn-foreigncultureandlanguagestyleoftheoriginaltextatthesametime．Newstranslationisakindofcommunicativeaction、Ⅳithacertainpurpose．Newstranslatorsneedtoproperlyandpurposefullytranslatenewsinformationonlexicalandsyntacticallevel．Newstranslatorsneedstocorrectlytranslatenewsneologismsthatarebroughtbythedevelopmentofthemodemsociety．Besides，Theyneedtomakesomeadjnstmentonsyntacticallevelintranslatingnewsreportstowellachievethegoalofnewsdissemination．TheSkopostheoryCanbetakenasaguidingtheorytothenewstranslation，whichopensabrand—newperspectiveforthenewstranslationresearch．Therefore，newstranslatorCanadoptsometranslationstrategieseffectivelyundertheguidanceoftheSkopostheorytowellachievethepurposeofinformationdisseminationbetweendifferentcountries．Keywords：news，newstranslation，SkopostheoryⅡI 摘要随着科技的快速发展以及中国加入世贸组织，跨文化之间的交流变得越来越频繁，而跨文化之间的交流离不开信息的传播，因而新闻翻译在信息传播中占据举足轻重的作用。新闻因本身具备其及时性、重要性、显著性、地方性及趣味性的特征，因而要求在跨文化新闻翻译中既能保持这些特征，又能准确地表达源语言新闻的意思，新闻翻译面临着巨大的挑战。显而易见，新闻翻译的实践需要一个有效的翻译理论作为指导。由德国功能派翻译大师HansJ．Vermeer提出的目的论三大法则(目的法则、连贯法则、忠实法则)对新闻翻译具有重要的指导意义。本论文研究包括以下结论：新闻翻译是一种目的性行为。由于各民族间语言、文化以及思想方式的差异性的存在，源语言文本很难被译者按照字面意思翻译。完全地忠实源语言新闻的译文有时并不能达到理想的信息传播效果，新闻翻译者在目的论的目的法则的指导下，充分发挥其主观性，采取删减及改编的翻译策略，以达到更好地传播信息的目的。新闻翻译要求目标语言读者能够理解译文，译文在其介入的交际环境和文化中应有一定的意义。新闻翻译者需要把源语言及源语言文化转化为目标语言读者所熟悉的语言和文化表达方式，新闻翻译者遵循目的论的连贯性法则，并在其指导下采取目标语言及目标语言文化定位的翻译策略，使得译文在其介入的交际环境和文化中有一定的意义。新闻翻译需要忠实于源语言所传达的信息，同时尽可能地保持源语言风格和文化，新闻翻译者遵循目的论的忠实性法则，采取保持源语言风格和源语言文化的翻译策略，使目标语言读者在接受源语言传达的信息的同时了解与原文一致的语言风格及异国文化。IV 新闻翻译是一种有目的的交际行为，它需要新闻翻译者在新闻翻译中进行有目的的词汇和句法上的合理翻译，使随着现代社会发展带来的新词能够得到正确的翻译，同时需要在新闻报道中进行必要的句法的调整，从而更好地达到新闻传播的目的。翻译目的论作为新闻翻译的指导理论，为新闻翻译研究开辟了一个全新的视角。因而，新闻翻译者可以在目的论的指导下有效地运用各种翻译策略，更好地达到信息有效传播的目的，推动各文化之间的交流。关键词：新闻，新闻翻译，目的论V Acknowledgements⋯⋯⋯⋯．Abstraet摘要ContentsChapterOneIntroductionⅡⅣVI1．1BackgroundoftheResearch．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11．2ObjectivesoftheResearch．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯21．3ArrangementsoftheThesis⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯2ChapterTwoLiteratureReview42．1ForeignStudiesonNewsTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．42．2DomesticStudiesonNewsTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．52．3Summary⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．6ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework：SkoposTheory8：；．1OriginanddevelopmentofSkoposTheory⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．83．1．1OriginofSkoposTheory⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．83．1．2DevelopmentofSkoposTheory⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯103．2RulesofSkoposTheory⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．133．2．1TheSkoposRule⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯133．2．2TheCoherenceRllle⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．143．2．3TheFidelityRule⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．14ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory154．1NewsandNewsTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．154．1．IDefinitionofNews⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．164．1．2FeaturesofNews⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．174．1．3ImportanceofNewsTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯194．1．4KeyPointsofNewsTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．204．2PurposefulNewsTransitionfromthePerspectiveofRulesofSkoposTheory⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．234．2．1FromthePerspectiveoftheSkoposRule⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．244．2．2FromthePerspectiveoftheCoherenceRule⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．324．2．3FromthePerspectiveoftheFidelityRule⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯37 4．3PurposefulNewsTranslationOilLexicalLevel．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．414．3．1CausesofNewsNeologism⋯．．⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯424．3．2WaysofNewsNeologismFormation．．⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．．．⋯424．4PurposefulNewsTranslationOilSyntacticalLevel⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．45ChapterFiveConclusion471；．1MajorFindings⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．475．2ImplicationsoftheStudy．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．．495．3LimitationsoftheStudyandSuggestionsfortheFurtherStudy．．．．．．．．．．．．．．49RefefencesPublieationsVIl5l55 ChapterOneIntroductionThischapterwillintroducetheresearchbackgroundandobjectivesofthisresearch．Moreover,thearrangementoftheresearchwillbepresentedforthereaderstoSCanthestructureoftheessay．1．1BackgroundoftheResearchWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,ourcountryisdevelopingatanamazingspeedinthiscompetitiveworld，whichisalsostrengtheningtherelationship、析thothernations．Asweallknow,weliveina“worldvillage‘‘becauseofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology．Asadevelopingcountry,ourcountryisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandsignificantinthis‘'village”，whichhasplayedaspecialroleintheWTO，hadanimportantstatusinAPECandtakenagreateffectonIMF．However'alloftheseachievementscannotoccurwithoutsuccessfultransmissionofinformation．DevelopmentCallnotbeseparatedfromtransmissionofinformation．Thus，asauniqueandeffectivemethodtoconveythedesiredinformationtothetargetacceptors，therolethatthenewstranslationplayscannotbeignoredbutputinanirreplaceableplaceinpromotingthecross—culturalexchangebetweenChinaandothernations．Nevertheless，owingtothespecialfeaturesofnewsandhugediscrepanciesandbarriersintermsoflanguage，cultureandviewsofvaluesbetweenthetwosides，itisthetranslator'stasktoovercomeallofthesedifficultiesintheprocessofnewstranslation．Duringtheprocessofnewstranslation，adoptinganeffectiveandpracticalguidingtheoryisnecessary．Althoughagreatmanyexpertshave Penetratingrlewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoriemadegreatcontributionstotheresearchofnewstranslation，mostofthemexcessivelyfocusontranslationtechniquesandmethods．Tosomee)【tent，noeffectiveguidingtheoryhasbeeninvolvedintheirresearch．AllkindsofmediaturnupinanacceleratingspeedandgiveUSthelatestinformationallovertheworld．Inthepresentmassmedia,evensuchasChinadaily,mistakesarefrequentlyobserved．Therefore，itisurgenttostudyonthetheoryguidingnewstranslation．1．2ObjectivesoftheResearchNowadays，studiesonnewstranslationarelimitedandseldomCanwefredsomeeffectivetheoriestobeappliedtoit．Intheauthor’Spointofview,Skopostheoryisdefinitelyafeasibleonetobeusedtoguidenewstranslation．TheSkopostheoryCannarrowthegapbetweennewstranslationandlongestablishedequivalence—basedtranslationcriteria．ThispaperintroducestheSkopostheoryintonewstranslationstudiesandstrivestojustifythefeasibilityofSkopostheoryinguidingnewstranslationtoexpandmutualunderstanding，bridgetheculturalgapandimproveinterculturalcommunicationbetweenChinaandwesterncountries．Therefore，themainobjectiveofthispaperaretotestifythepracticabilityandeffectivenessofapplyingtheSkopostheorytonewstranslationandhelpthereaderslearnmoreaboutthecloserelationshipbetweentheSkopostheoryandnewstranslationfromatotallyfreshperspective．1．3ArrangementsoftheThesisThispaperconsistsoffivechapters．ChapterOnegivesageneral2 introductionaboutthebackground，objectivesandthewholestructureofthethesis．ChapterTworeviewstheliteratureofnewstranslation，丽tllthefirsttwopartsfocusingonforeignstudiesanddomesticstudiesonnewstranslation,andthelastpartmakesasummaryofthem．ChapterThreemainlyconcentratesontheoriginanddevelopmentofSkopostheoryandelaboratestheSkopostheoryandexplainingthedetailedrulesofit．DetailedstudiesareconductedinChapterFivebyapplyingSkopostheorytonewstranslation,whichiscomposedoffourparts，withthefirstpartgivingdisciptionsofnewsanSnewstranslationandthesecondpartstudyingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofrulesoftheskopostheory．Thenlirdpartisfocusingonpurposefulnewstranslationonlexicallevel．Thefourthpartisfocusingonpurposefulnewstransitiononsyntacticallevel．Inthesefourparts，someapplicablestrategiesandmethodsofnewstransitionarepresented，whichmakesthischapterplaythemostsignificantroletothewholethesis．Thelastchapterpresentsthemajorfindingsandimplicationsofthethesis，andalsopointsoutlimitationsofthestudyandputsforwardssuggestionsforfurtherstudy．3 Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheode●eVleWTodiscussnewstranslation，itisnecessarytohaveareviewofpreviousforeignstudiesonnewstranslationanddomesticstudiesonnewstranslation．2．1ForeignStudiesonNewsTranslationSusanBassnettisatranslationtheorist,andshe(1980)pointsouttranslationpromotesthecirculationofinformationallovertheworld．InherarticleTranslationinglobalnewsagencies，somespecialfeaturesthatcharacterizenewstranslationanddistinguishitfromotherformshavebeenraised．AlbertoOrengo(2005)employsabrandnewtranslationstrategycalled“localization”．Becauseoftheuniquefeatureofnewstext，applicationoflocalizationCanhighlightthecommercialnatureofnewsdistributionandalsorenderagreathelpfortheglobalscaleofnewsdistribution．ClaireTsai(2005)claimsthatmanytranslationstrategies，suchasdeletion，addition，generalization，rewritingandreorganization,Canbeusedinthetranslationprocess．Hepointsoutthenewstranslatorneedstomaketheleadofthenewsbriefandclearenoughtoletthereadersandaudiencesunderstanditatthefirstsight．InEsperan6a’Sresearchonnewstranslation，heapparentlypointsoutmajortasksfornewstranslatortofulfillandaddthemainobjectivesofnewstranslator：1．Themainobjectiveofnewstranslatorsistotransmitinformation．4 2．Newstranslatortranslatesforamassaudience．Consequently,aclearanddirectlanguageneedstobeused．3．Newstranslatortranslatesforaspecificgeographical，temporalandculturalcontext．Theirjobisalsoconditionedbythemediuminwhichtheywork．space．4．Newstranslatorsaresubjecttoimportantlimitationsoftimeand(Esperan6a,2005，PP．7-8)2．2DomesticStudiesonNewsTranslationAttheendof1980，manyjournalistsputnewstranslationasthefocusoftheirwork．Inthe21stcentury,duetoChina’Sreformandopening—uppolicy,therangeofpolicy,economyandcultureofourcountryhasbeenwidelyextended．Hencethesocietyhasahighdemandfornewstranslationnotonlyintheexpansionofquantity,butrequireshighstandardofnewstranslationintheaspectoflevelandtype，whichshowsanewchallengeandchanceintheresearchofnewstranslation．Asthestatisticsshow,from1979to2009，78piecesofpaperwerepublishedintheChinesecorejournalresearchingontheTangJiamei(2005)probedintotheinfluenceofcommtmicationtheoriesonthepracticeofnewstranslationtoenhancetheeffectivenessofnewstranslation．Apparently,theyemphasizedonthedescriptionofthetheory．SomeotherscholarsresearchednewstranslationonthebasisoflinguistictheoriesandpresentedsomedetaileddescriptionsofsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenliterarystylesofEnglishnewsandChinesenews．Therearesomeinfluential5 Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoriebooksaboutnewstranslation．Forexample，LiuQizhong(2004)discussedcharacteristics，methodsandstandardsofnewstranslationandhiskeyemphasisinthisbookisnewscompilation．HuangQin(2007)pointedoutthatnewstranslationisnotsimplyakindoftranslation，butmoreimportantly,asortoftransmissionactivityofnewsinformation，andsomerelevantcommunicationtheoriesCanplayaneffectiveroleinguidingnewstranslation．Chinese—EnglishTieNewsTranslation(WangY'mquan,2009)isthefirstdomesticbooktosystematicallysummarizeprinciplesandtechniquesofTVnewstranslationandconcludedmanypracticalregularpatternsappliedforEnglish·ChineseTVnewstranslation．Intermsofresearchfindingsandcontributions，wewitnesstheprogressthatwehavemadeinthefieldofnewstranslation．Fromtheforeignanddomesticstudiesonnewstranslation，WeCanfindthefieldofnewstranslationhasattractedmoreandmorepeople’Sattentionandstirredtheirinterestsinthissubject．However,theirconcernmainlyfocusesonputtingoutthecharacteristicsofnewstranslationandfmdingoutsomestrategiesandstandardsofnewstranslation．FewofthemspendtheireffortonfindingappropriatetranslationtheoriesthatCanbeappliedtoeffectivelyguidingnewstranslation．2．3SummaryFromtheforeignanddomesticstudiesonnewstranslation，wecanfindthefieldofnewstranslationhasattractedmoreandmorepeople’Sattentionand6 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewstirredtheirinterestsinthissubject．However,theirconcemmainlyfocusesonputtingoutthecharacteristicsofnewstranslationandfindingoutsomestrategiesandstandardsofnewstranslation．FewofthemspendtheireffortonfindingappropriatetranslationtheoriesthatCanbeappliedtoeffectivelyguidingnewstranslation．7 PenetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheodeChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework：SkoposTheorySkoposisaGreekwordfor‘‘purose’’or‘‘aim’’(Nord2001，PP．27)．Intranslationstudy,Theword‘‘skopos’’oftenreferstothecommunicativepurposeofthetargettext．SkopostheoryraisedbyGermanFunctionalistSchoolofferinganewperspectiveforstudiesoftranslation，whichisanewmodelontranslationalstudies，andplaysancriticalroleinthefunctionalistapproach．3．1OriginanddevelopmentofSkoposTheoryAsthetheofiticalguidanceoftheresearch，Skopostheorywillbeintroducedhere。TheauthorwillintroducetheoriginanddevelopmentofSkopostheory．3。1．1OriginofSkoposTheoryTranslationcriterionhastakenitsplaceamongtranslationtheoryresearchfield。Manyscholarshasusedallkindsofdisciplinetheoriesfromdifferentaspectsandlevelstoresearchtranslationcriterionandformeddifferentviewsofit．Inthewesterncountries，theearliestandinfluentialtranslationcriterionis“TheThl"eePrinciplesofTranslation”，whichWasputforwardedonTytler'sEssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation(1790)．Itpointsthatatranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork,andthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacteristicsasthatoftheoriginal，8 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework：SkoposTheoryandatranslationshouldhaveallthefeaturesoftheoriginalcomposition．Thiskindoftranslationcriterionfocusesonthecomparisonbetweentheoriginaltextandthetranslatedtext．Itemphasizesonwhetherthetranslatedtextmeetstherequirementsoftheseprinciples．Skopostheorycameintoexistenceinthe1970swhentheequivalence—orientedtranslationapproachesprevailed．Itpresentsthecomparisonbetweenequivalence—orientedtranslationapproachesandfunction。orientedapproachesintranslation．SkopostheoryputforwardbyGermanFunctionalistSchoolofferinganewperspectivefortranslationstudies，whichisarelativelynewmodelontranslationalstudies，andplaysanessentialroleinthefunctionalistapproach．“The1970sand1980ssawamoveawayfromthestaticlinguistictypologiesoftranslationshiftsandtheemergenceandflourishinginGermanyofafunctionalistandcommunicativetotheanalysisoftranslation．”(Munday2001，p．73)Atthebeginningof1970s，thefunctionalisticapproachesintranslationWasputforwardbysomeGermanrepresentativescholarscalled“GermanySchool’’：KatharinaReiss，HansVermeer,JustaHolz—ManttariandChristianeNord．Germanfunctionalistapproach，withSkopostheoryasthefocus，elucidatestranslationfromtheperspectiveoftargetlanguageandemphasizestheeffectoftextintentionincourseoftranslation．Reissfocusedhisresearchontexttypeandlanguagefunction，listedtextfunctionasacriterionoftranslationcriticismfirstly．However,histheoryWasonthebasisofequivalence．HansVermeer’SSkopostheoryisthemostimportantoneinthefunctionalisttranslationtheory．AccordingtoSkopostheory,thepurposedeterminesthewholeprocessofthetranslationbehavior．Thatistosay,methodsaredeterminedbytheresult．HisSkopostheorygetsridoftheboundof9 Reiss’S‘‘functionalequivalence'’．JustaHolz·Manttariputsforwardthetheoryoftranslationalaction，whoreviewthetranslationbehaviorasallinterpersonalactionanditisdirectedbytheresultofthetransition．Shegivesadetailedanalysisoftherolethateachparticipantplaysinthetranslationprocessincludingtheinifiator，thecommissioner,theSTproducer，theTTproducer,theTTuserandtheTTreceiver．AsanewgenerationofGermanfunctionalism，ChristianeNordputsforwardtheprincipleoffunctionalityplusloyalty．“Loyaltymustnotbemixedupwithfidelityoffaithfulness，conceptsthatusuallyrefertoarelationshipholdingbetweenthesourceandthetargettext．Loyaltyisaninterpersonalcategoryreferringtoasocialrelationshipbetweenpeople"(Nord1997，P．125)．3．1．2DevelopmentofSkoposTheorySkopostheory觞atranslationtheoryraisedbyGermanFunctionalistSchooloriginatedfrom1970s，andwentthroughseveralstages．KatharinaReiss(1993)firstlyandsuccessfullyintroducedfunctionalcategoryintotranslationcriticismandmaderelevanceamonglinguisticfunction，texttypesandtranslationstrategies．KatharinaReissraisedtranslationcriticismpattemonthebasisoftherelationshipbetweenSTandTTandfurthercameupwiththeembryonicformoffunctionaltheory,whoconsideredthatanidealtranslationshouldbeacomprehensiveandcommunicativetranslation．Thatistosay,theconceptivecontents，linguisticformandcommunicativefunctionoftranslatedtextshouldhaveequivalencewimtheoriginaltext，butthefunctionalcharacteristicoftranslatedtextshouldbepaidtheutmostattentioninthepracticeoftranslating． ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework：SkoposTheoryThenextstagebegins谢tllVermeer’SSkopostheory．Hegetsridofthelimitationofequivalence-orientedtheory．AccordingtoSkopostheory,translationprocessisakindofpurposefulandfruitfulactionthatisbasedontheoriginaltext,andthisactionshouldbefulfilledthroughmakingnegotiationbetweeninitiatorandtranslator．Vermeer(1984，p．118)alsoputforwardthattranslationprocessmustfollowaseriesofprinciplesandskopostheoryWasthefirstandthemostimportantone．HebelievesTTWasdeterminedbythepurposeoftranslation．Besides，transitionprocessmustfollow“coherencerule"and。fidelityrule’．Theformerpointsoutthetranslatedtextmustbeinter-coherent,anditiscomprehensibleforthereceiver．ThelatterpointsoutcoherencemustexistbetweenTTandST．ARerputtingforwardthesethreerules，equivalenceisnotthetmslationcriterion，butthetranslatedtextachievestheprospectivegoaloftheinitiator．Vermeeralsoproposestheconceptof“translationcommission”，whichmeansthemissionoftranslationisdeterminedbythetranslator,andthetranslatorshouldadoptdifferentkindofeffectivetranslationstrategiesaccordingtodifferenttransitionpurposes．Besides，thetranslatorhastherighttoconserveandadjustsomecontentsoftheoriginaltextandrevisethemifnecessaryinordertoachievehistranslationgoal．FromVermeer’Spointofview,skoposruleisthetop-rankingonetofollowintheprocessoftranslation．Differentstrategiesandmethodsshouldbeemployedaccordingtodifferenttranslationpurposes．Inotherwords，Translationpurposesdeterminestrategiesandmethodsoftranslation．JustaHolz—ManttariebasedonVermeer’SresearchofSkopostheoryandcontinuedtobroadenthescopeofit．Basedoncommunicationandactiontheory,Manttaricputforwardtheoryoftranslationalaction，whichfurtherextendedthe Penetratingnewstranslation翩theperspectiveofskopostheoriescopeoftranslationtheory．Shefocusesonthebehavioralaspectintheprocessoftranslationandhighlightstherolesofinitiator,translator,receiverandthesituationalconditions，suchastimeandplace，inwhichtheactivitytakesplace．Accordingtohistheoryoftranslationalaction，translationbehaviorisakindofinterpersonalinteraction,whichisresult-orientedanddrivenbytranslationpurposes．ChristianeNordiSamemberofGermanFunctionalism，whosummarizedandimprovedSkopostheorycompletely．Hcputsforwardtheprincipleoffunctionalityplusloyalty．‘‘Functionreferstothefactorsthatmakeatargettextworkintheintendedwayinthetargetsituation．Loyaltyreferstotheinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenthetranslator,thesource-textsender,thetarget-textaddressees，andtheinitiator．Loyaltylimitstherangeofjustifiabletarget-textfunctionforoneparticularsourcetextandraisestheneedforanegotiationoftranslationassignmentbetweentranslatorsandtheirclients’’(Nord1997，P．126)AccordingtoNord,translatorsshouldtakeresponsibilityoftheSLandtheTL，theinitiatorandthereceiversimultaneously．Ifthereareconflictsamongthem，it’Stranslators’dutytogetinvolvedintoitandseekforcompromisetosolvethem．ChristianeNord(2005，P．73)pointsouttwomajordefectsofSkopostheory：F戤ly'peoplewhohavedifferentculturalbackgroundshavedifferentopinionstowardgoodtranslatedtextduetotheirculturalbarriers．Secondly，onthebasisofskoposrule，ifthecommunicativegoalofthetranslatedtextiscontrarytotheSTproducer’Sintentionoftheoriginaltext，weshouldconformtotheskoposruleandgoagainstloyaltyprincipleunderthiscircumstance．Nordalsothinksthattranslatorshouldberesponsibleforthereceiver,andalsobeloyalfortheSTproducertotranslate12 therealintentionofhim．Hence，loyaltyprinciplefocusesonconcerningaboutrelationshipbetweentranslator,theSTproducerandreceiver．Therefore，Nordcomesupwithloyalprincipletosolveculturalbarrierproblemandimproverelationshipbetweenparticipantswhotakepartintranslationalactions．3．2RulesofSkoposTheoryTherearethreemajorrulesofSkopostheory：theskoposrule，thecoherenceruleandfidelityrule．Theskoposruleisfirstrule，accordingtowhichaimorpurposeofinitiatormustbecorrectlyexpressed，andskoposdeterminesanyactioninprocessofnewstranslation．Thecoherencerulemeanstargettextmustbecomprehensibletoreceiversintargetlanguageculture．ItreferstoTTmustmeetstandardofintra．textualcoherenceandmakeTTunderstoodandacceptedbytargetlanguagereaders．Thefidelityrulerequiresthatinter-textualcoherenceshouldexistbetweenSTandTT,whichequalstobeloyaltooriginaltext．3．2．1TheSkoposRuleTheskoposruleisfirstrulefortranslationinSkopostheory．Skoposdeterminestranslationalaction．Skoposmeans“aim"or“purpose"，whichmeansaimorpurposeofinitiatormustbecorrectlyconveyed．Atranslatumisdeterminedbyitsskopos(ReissandVermeer1984，P．119)．Duringtranslationalaction,theclient(consideredasinitiatoroftransition)offersskoposbygivingsomedescriptionsoftranslationpurpose．However，sometimes，thetranslatorcannotunderstandpurposeofclientclearly．At Penetratingnewstranslation蛔theperspectiveofskopostheoriethismoment，thetranslatorneedstonegotiatewiththeclientabouttheskopostomakehispurposeclear,andthenthetranslatorCantranslatethepurposeoftheclienttothereceiver．However,becauseofdifferentculturesandideologies，thetranslatorsometimescannotfullycomprehendthepurposeoftheclient．Thetranslatorneedstoinfertheskoposbyhimself．3．2．2TheCoherenceRuleThesecondrulethatneedstobementionedistheCoherenceRlde．Coherencerulemeansthetargettextsmustbecomprehensibletoreceiversintargetlanguagecultureandthecommunicativesituationinwhichthetargettextsistobeused．ThecoherencerulestatestheTTmustbeinterpretableascoherent诵tlltheTTreceiver’Ssituation(ReissandVermeer1984，P．113)．WeCanalsosaythattheTTmustbetranslatedinsuchawaythatiscoherentfortheTTreceiver,giventheircircumstancesandknowledge．3．2．3TheFidelityRuleFidelityrulemeanstheremustbeaninter-textualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextsandtargettexts，whichissimilartothefidelitytotheSOurCetexts．However,thedegreeandformofthefidelitydependontheaimofthetargettextsandthetranslator’Scomprehensionofthesourcetexts．Fidelityrulerequiresthatthetargettextandthesourcetextshouldbeinter-textualcoherent．Beinginter-textualcoherentmeansthetranslatorofTLtextshouldtaketheformonthebasisofhisinterpretationoftheSLtext，andthetranslatedtextneedstobemaximallyloyaltotheST．Inotherwords，thetranslatorneedstobefaithfultothesourcelanguageandbeloyaltothetargetlanguage．14 Chapt盯FourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryNewstranslationisdifferentfromanyothertypesoftranslation．Owingtotheuniquepurposeofnews，newstranslationistoattractreaders’attention，arousetheirinterestsandgivethemsomeusefulinformationandSOon．Inordertoattainthesepurposes，itisthenewstranslator'sresponsibilitytomakethetargettextnewsworthyandreadable．Therefore，theyneedtohaveatheorytoguidehisnewstranslationandtheSkopostheoryisapropertheorytoguidethenewstranslation．UndertheguidanceoftheSkopostheory,thenewstranslatorcanadoptseveraleffectivemethodstoachievepurposesofnewstranslation．4．1NewsandNewsTranslationNewsisthemosteffectivemeanstotransmitthelatestinformation．NewsspreadsallovertheworldandfiltersintoalmosteveryaspectofourdailylivesandOursociety．Thepurposesofnewsreportingarevariousbecauseofdifferentelements，butthemainpurposeofnewsreportingistotransmitinformationinatimelyandcorrectmanner．Newstranslationisoneformofallkindsoftranslationsandbelongstothepragmatictranslation，whichaimstodisseminateinformationtotheforeignreaders；therefore，itmustbecarvedbythesignofthetranslator’Sownculture．Viewedfromtheangleofcross-culture，nomatterwhatkindofcommunicationsmediaisadopted，thecontentandstyleofthetranslatedtextmustbemarkedbythetraceofthenewstranslator’sownculture，whichwillmakeforeignreadersunreadable．However,newsreportingisthemost directandfastmeanstospreadinformation,therolethatthenewstranslationplaysisirreplaceableandsignificant．Newstranslationplaysacriticalroleinpomotingcommunicationamongdifferentcountries，whichCanbeconsideredasabridgetomakepeopleunderstandeachothers’culturesandcountrieswell．4．1．1DeftnitionofNews‘'News”isfamiliartoUS．Withthedevelopmentofmassmedia,newsisaroundUSeveryday．However,thereisnoprecisedefinitionabout“news”．WeCanlistsomedefinitionsabout‘‘news’’asfollowing：(1)Newsisareportofanevent，containingtimely(oratleastunknown)informationwhichhasbeenaccuratelygatheredandwrittenbytrainedreportersforthepurposeofservingthereader,listenerorviewer(PhilipH·AultandEdwinEmery,ibid)．(2)Anewsisanaccountofacurrentidea,eventorproblemthatinterestspeople(LaurenceRCampellandRolandEWoleseley,quotedfromReportingforthePrintMedia,FredFredler1993，P．175)．(3)Newsisinformationthatisusefulorgratifyingtoaudience(JayBlack1990，P．102)．(4)Newsisamaterialthatisentertainingthatisfuntoread(DongLeshan1983，P．33)．Thesekindsofdefinitionabout‘'news”arenotaccurateenough，becausetheyjUStshowsomecharacteristicsofnews．Acomparativelyscientificanduniversallyaccepteddefinitionabout‘'news’’wasputforwardbyXuMingwu(2003)：Newsistimelyreportedeventsthathavehappened，arehappeningorwillhappen． ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryTherefore，wecanconcludethatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentwaystodefine“news”，butallofthemCanrevealthemainfeaturesofnews．4．1．2FeaturesofNewsMillionsofincidentsandeventstakeplaceeveryday,butonlythosenewsworthyonesarereported．Newsworthyreportsarebasedonthenewsvalues，andthefeaturesofnewscanbeviewedasoneofimportantelementsofnewsvalues．Therefore，accordingtosomejournalists’pointofview,wecanlistfivefeaturesofnewsasfollows．(1)Timeliness／FreshnessTimelinessisaveryimportantfactorofnews．IfthereMerCangetthenewssooner,itwillhavebettereffects．Thereisnodoubtthatnewsonnewspapersmagazinesandwebsitesisupdatedeveryday．Noonewantstobuyyesterday'snewspaper．‘‘Yesterday’Snewspaperisonlygoodforwrappingfish．Theall-importantnewselementfadesintohistorywithin24hours”(Williamson，1975)．Fromhisdescription，timelinessisanimportantcharacterofnews．Thereisalsoanexplanationforthedefinitionoftheword"news’’⋯--newsistheextendedmeaningoftheword‘'new'’．Undoubtedly,newspapersusuallyreporttheeventsthathavejusthappened，fortimelinessenhancesthereadabilityofthem．Hencenewspapershouldinformtheeventsinanimmediateway．Nomatterhowinfluentialandsignificantoftheeventsandpeopleinvolved，readabilityofthenewspaperweakemwithtimeandthevalueofthenewspapordiminisheswithtimetoo．(2)Importance／SignificanceReportingonNewseventsbadlyassociatedwithcurrentsociallifeand Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoriepeople’Sbenefits，whichinfluencespeople’Sdailylives，SOitcanraisepeople’Sconcerndefinitely．Peoplewillattachimportancetothesenewsreportingsuchasthegreatchangeofpoliticalsituationandpolicy,theprogressofthewar,andmostimportantly,manyothermajoreconomicinformationandtechnologicalinventions，suddenchangeoftheweatherandfataldisastersanddiseases．Forinstance，thereportontheWorldExpowillattractmorepeople’Sattentionthananationalexhibition．Similarly,thereportonanintenseWarismorelikelytocatchreporters’eyesthanacaraccidentkillingtwoorthreepeople．(3)ProminenceIfthecharacters，destinationsandeventsaremoreimportant，thereportingwillbemorenewsworthy．Thus，themoreprominentthereportedtargets，themorenewsworthythenewsis．Forexample，morepeoplepaidattentiontoPresidentClinton’Ssexscandalthanthosepeoplewhoareconcernedaboutapopstar'sloveaffair．Theelementsof‘‘prominence’’ofthenewsvalueCanbeviewedasagroupofabsolutelyclear“formula'’：ordinaryperson(s)+usualoccurrence(s)：≠newsordinaryperson(s)+unusualoccurrence(s)=newsextraordinaryperson(s)+usualoccurrence(s)=newsextraordinaryperson(s)+unusualoccurrence(s)=good／bignews(4)Proximity／LocalityProximitymeansnearnessofanewsreporttoitsaudiencesinthematterofemotions，benefitsandgeography．Ifthereporterreportsapieceofnewst11atisneartothereceptorinthesenseofgeography,waysofthinkingandinterests，thereceptorswillPaymoreattentiontoit．Similarly,ifthenewsreportsarecloselyrelated研tllthereceptors’benefitsandemotions，theywillconcernmore ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryaboutthem．Forinstance，apieceofnewsontheheathcarereforminChinawillbedrawnmoreattentiontomoreChinesethantotheforeigners．Inotherwords，thenewsreportsarerequiredtomeetthesurroundingpeople’Sneedsandassociatedwiththeirdailylives．(5)InterestThereisapopularsayinginthewesternnewspaperdom：‘‘Whenadogbitesaman，that’Snotnews；butwhenamanbitesadog，that’Snews．’’Thatistosay,thecontentsofnewsreportingmustinspirereaders’interests，SOthereportershouldchooseatopicfromaspecialanglethatCallproduceaninterestingnewsreporting．Duetodifferentunderstandingsaboutinterestintheeasternandwesterncountries，butbothofthemcommonlyviewsuchtopiclikecrime，life，moralsandethics，marriageandfamilyasthemaincontentsofnewsreportsthatwillstirpeople’Sinterests．Undoubtedly,interestingreportsdefinitelyappealtothereadersintheaspectofemotions．4．1．3ImportanceofNewsTranslation‘'News’’and‘'NewsTranslation'’seemtobetwoirrelevantconcepts．However,withtheamazingdevelopmentofoursociety,theworldweliveindependsmoreandmoreonthemassmedia⋯一一globalnews，nationalnews，localnewsandanyothermiscellaneousnewsaredisseminatedquicklythroughtheIntemet．Tounderstanddifferentcountries，languages，cultures，andevencommentsandreportsonthesamenewseventbecomeawayoflifeforOurmodempeopletolearntheworldaroundus．Newstranslmionalsoprovidesabrandnewvisualfieldforpeopletoviewthesameordifferentpicturesthatcomefromforeigncountries．Today,weliveinaworldsurroundedbyallsorts Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheorieofinformationandinformatizationhasstriddenontoanewstep，whichmakesOUrlivesimpossiblewithoutinformation．Peoplealloverthewoddsharedifferentfieldsofknowledge．Theglobaldevelopmentofeconomy,scienceandtechnology,cultureandpoliticshighlydemandsforawidespreadcommunicationofinformation．Thus，newstranslationplaysagreatresponsibleroleandprovidesinformationofforeigncountriesinwrittenandspokenformstopromoteinternationalcommunicationanddevelopment，atthesametimejournalistsplayallirreplaceablepartinactingasabridgeorchannelbetweenthemindsoftheirreadersindifferentcountries．4．1．4KeyPointsofNewsTranslationAsisknowntoUS，newstranslationhasagreateffectoncommunicationandunderstandingbetweendifferentcountries，andithasreallypromotedtheworldwidedevelopmentinvariousfields．However,wecan’tignoretothefactthatsometimesnewstranslationdoesnotexertitsactiveeffectivenessandsomenewsaretranslatedinalengthyandtediousmannerandtranslatorsevercommitsomeseriouserrorsintranslatingnewsreports．Ofcourse，becauseofculturalandlanguagebarriersanddifferentwaysofthinking，itisdefinitelydifficultfortranslatorstofulfillhistranslationtaskcorrectlyandreasonably．Generallyspeaking，wecanroughlysummarizethreemainkeypointstoguidenewstranslationinaneffectivewayandintherightdirection：(1)TimeConsciousnessNewstranslationisdifferentfromliterarytranslationandothertypesoftranslation．Weallknowthatnewseventsneedtobetimelyreportedor ChapterFourNewsTranslation鼬thePerspectiveofSkoposTheorypublished，whichmeansthejournaliststakeresponsibilitiestoproduceapieceofnewsassoonaspossibletokeepnewsworthy．Ashasbeenreferredinthischapter,newsmustbereportedinatimelyway,becausethevalueofthenewswillfadeaway、丽tllthepassofthetime．Newstranslationshouldomitprolongedworkanditshouldbecreatedinaveryshorttime．‘‘Itoftentakesaslongastendaysorevenawholemonthtoestablishatermintranslationafterrepeatedconsiderationandhesitation”(LiuZhongde1991，P．6)Fromhispointofview,wecanclearlyclassifythedifferencebetweenliterarytranslationandnewstranslationinthesenseoftimeliness．Asawriterorapoet,timeissufficientforthemtocompileapieceofarticleandevenselectanappropriatewordinapoem，becausethereisnorequirementoftimeliness．However，timeislimitforajoumalist，whoneedstocomposenewseventswithinacertainamountoftime，whichrequiresthemtotakepromptactiontokeepthereadabilityofnewsevents．Thus，thejournalistsshouldbecompetentinthesourcelanguageandtargetlanguage，butwhatisthemostimportantcharacteristicofthejournalistsisthattheymusthavethequalityofbeingquick-minded,whichdifferentiatesthemselvesfromawriterandapoet．(2)CulturalBackgroundLearningTranslationisnotonlyaformoflanguagetransformationbutalsoaformofculturaltransplantation．Soisnewstranslation．Newstranslatorsworkonthesourcetextbuttheyactuallyexperienceaprogressofcross．culturalcommunicationwimtheproducerofthesourcetextindirectly．However，smoothlyhandlingtheproblemsintheculturalcommunicationCannarrowthegapbetweentheSOurCeandtargetlanguagetothegreatestextentandachieve Penetratingrlewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoriefortherealobjectiveofnewstranslation．FromtheaspectofculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandforeigncountries，thereareseveralculturalelementsthatcallbeconcludedsuchasideologicalculture，conventionalculture，historicalculture，religiousculture，geographicalcultureandSOon,whichinfluencenewstranslatortoproduceacorrectlyandexcellentnewsreport．Thecontentsofnewsreportsaremiscellaneouscovetingalmosteverymaterialandspiritualaspectintheworld．Compared诵t11literaryworks，newsreportsincludemoreinformationofculturalbackground，whichbringsaboutmoreproblemsfornewstranslatorstodealwith．Cultureisthespecialcharacteristicofanation．Eachnation’Scultureisunique．However,differentnationsalsosharemuchconllnonnessthatmakesnewstranslationpossible；whereasculturebarriersdoexistbetweendifferentnations．Therefore，newstranslatorsneedtodistinguishdifferencesbetweenhiscultureandtheforeignculturesinordertomakehisnewsreportsacceptable．“Fortrulysuccessfultranslating，biculturalismisevenmoreimportantthanbilingualism，sincewordsonlyhavemeaningsintermsoftheculturesinwhichtheyfunction'’(Nida1993，P．105)．Viewingthefactthatitisverycommonfornewstranslatorstocommiterrorsintranslatingbecauseoflackingknowledgeofculturalbackgroundintargetlanguagenation，SOitisurgentandnecessaryfornewstranslatorstobelearnedenoughtomasterculturalbackgroundinformationofhistargetlanguagenationtoproducehigh-qualitynewsreports．(3)LanguageStyleSelectingDifferentjournalswereproducedindifferentlanguagestyles．Selectingaproperlanguagestyleplaysagreatsignificantroleinnewstranslation．News ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryreportsholdtoacertaintypeoflanguagestyle．Asfornewstranslation，italsohastoselectanappropriatelanguagestyle．Firstly,asisknowntoUS，newsreportingisaformofmassmediaofcommunicationthatarereadbyalargenumberofpeople，SOnewstranslationshouldmakethetargetlanguageselectthelanguagestyleofpopularitytoaccommodatethevastmajorityofpeople’Sreadinglevels．Secondly,readinginterestisanimportantfactorinnewsreportingandevensomefamousjournalistscallit‘'thetouchstoneofnewsvalue”．Toincreasereader’Sinterests，thecontentsofnewsreportsaswellastheUSageofthelanguagearerequiredtosuitreaders’tastesandreadinghabits．Thirdly,concisenessisanotherimportantlanguagestyleinthenewstranslation，whichsometimesalsomeetstherequirementoflimitedspaceofnewspaperorsomeotherjournals．Fromthesethreefactors，wecansummarizethatalanguagestyleincludingthecharacteristicsofpopularity,interestandconciseness，whichformsaspecialfeatureofnewstranslation．4．2PurposefulNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofRulesofSkoposTheoryFollowingtherulesofSkopostheorymakesagreateffectonnewstranslation．Becausedisparitydoesexistbetweendifferentlanguagesandcultures，sometimestheTTisdifficulttobeunderstoodbythetargetlanguagereadersortheTTisdifficulttobeloyaltotheformsoftheST．Duringtheprocessofnewstranslation，thenewstranslatorshouldbeartheserulesinmindwhendoingthenewstranslation，whichwillpromotehimtoadoptappropriatemethodstodothenewstranslation． Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheorie4．2．1FromthePerspectiveoftheSkoposRuleAccordingtoSkopostheory,theskoposruletakesupthetop—rankingpositionforthenewstranslation．Theskoposruleisapplicabletonewstranslation,whichplaysaspecialroleinthenewstranslation．Skoposdeterminestranslationalaction．Skoposmeans“aim’’or‘'purpose”，inwhichmeanstheaimorthepurposeoftheinitiatormustbecorrectlyconveyed．Atranslatumisdeterminedbyitsskopos．Themajorelementoftranslationprocessisdeterminedbythepurposeoftranslationalaction．Namely,thesetpurposemustbekeptinthenewstranslator'smindbeforedoingthenewstranslation，anditmustbeachievedintheprocessofthenewstranslation．Therefore，thenewstranslatorusuallyadoptappropriatemethodstoachievehisgoals，whichsometimesrequiresthenewstranslatortoexerthisownsubjectiveinthetranslationalactiontoachievehispurposeofexpressingtheSTinformationclearlyandcorrectly．4．2．1．1TheAdoptionofAbridgmentInnewstranslation，abridgmentisacommonstrategythatCanbeemployedtomaketheTTshorterandsimplerbyusingfewwords，butthegeneralideaandmaininformationoftheoriginaltextalereserved．ThenewstranslatorCanomitwords，sentencesorparagraphswhicharenotimportantandnotinfluencethetargetlanguagelearnerstounderstand．Byusingthemethodofabridgment，thenewstranslatorbearshispurposeinmindandtrieshisbesttoachievehisfinalaimofconveyingthecorrectmeaningoftheSTinasimpleway．(1)Abridgmentofwords ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheorySometimes，becauseofsomecontentsofSTarenotnecessarytomentionandnotinfluencetheTLreaders。understandingifdeletingthem．ThenewstranslatorcandeletesomewordsorphrasestomaketheTTclearandsimple．Example1：TheChinesecommunityisinmourninginItaly．Shops&reclosedandafuneralistobeheldThursday,afteraChinesefatherandhisnine-month．olddaughterweregunneddowninarobberythatwenthorriblywrong．意大利的华人社团悼念在一次抢劫事件中遇害的一名华人父亲和他9个月的女儿。他们被枪击死亡后，社区的店铺停止营业，葬礼将在星期四举行。Obviously,thenewstranslatordeletetheexpression“wenthorriblywrong”．Afterdeletingthisexpression，itseemsnottomakeanysemanticlossestotheTT,butmakestheTTclearer,becausewedefinitelyknowtheseriousinfluenceofthisrobbery．Theexpression‘‘wenthorriblywrong’’apparentlyseemstounnecessarytomentionintheTT．Therefore，thedeletionofthisexpressiondoesnotinfluencethetargetlanguagereader'sunderstanding，butmaketheTTshorterandcleareratthesametime，andthepurposeofthenewstranslatorisalSOachieved．Example2：两个多小时的演出让观众余兴未尽，演出结束时，观众报以长时间的热烈掌声。Theaudiencegavetheperformerslongandwarmapplauseswhenthetwo—houroperawasoveLFromthetargettext，wecanfmdthenewstranslatoromittheexpression Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheorie“让观众余兴未尽”．Whenanalyzingthesourcetext，wefindthemeaningof“让观众余兴未尽"isalreadyimpliedintheexpressionof“观众报以长时间的热烈掌声”。Thus，thenewstranslatoromitsitandmakesthiscompositesentencecombinedintoonecompletesentenceandalsoattainstheexpectedresultofbeingconcise．(2)AbridgmentofsentencesNewstranslatorsdonotoftenfollowtheprincipleofequivalencetotranslatenewsreports．Abridgmentisacommonwayforthemtoemploy,whichisalsoaspecialcharacteristictodistingnishnewstranslationfromotherformsoftranslation．ThereasonthatnewsreportsCanstirthereaders’interestsisthatnewsvaluecomesintoplay．Astonewsreportsthatservefortheforeigners，theirtastesandinterestsmustbetakenintoconsiderationandthenewstranslatorneedstomakeselectiontothecontentsofnewsreports．Atthesametime，asatranslationstrategyofabridgment,itshouldbeadoptedtodeletesomeunimportantandredundantinformation，whichCanmaketheTTmoreprominentandmorebriefandtothepointthantheST．Example3：我国女子运动员李对红今天在女子运动手枪决赛中，以687．9环战胜所有对手，并创造新的奥运记录。她为中国射击队在本届奥运会上夺得了第一枚金牌，也使中国代表团的金牌总数上升为6枚。China。SLiDuihongwonthewomen’S25一metersportpistolOlympicgoldwithatotalof687．9pointsearlythismorningBeijingtime．Clearly,themeaningoftheSTisnearlyassameastheTT．Forthetarget ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheorylanguagereaders，theTTiseasyforthemtogetthemaininformationandtobeinterestedinthispieceofnewsreport．Example4：两辆公交车在行驶中猛然相撞，造成客车严重损毁，97名乘客和司售人员不同程度受伤，其中37人因脑外伤、脾破裂、骨折、肝挫伤、脑震荡等被医院收治。这一罕见的重大交通事故发生在昨天清晨闸北公园南首的共和新路干道上，事故地段的交通在两小时后恢复。Atotalof97peoplewereinjured，37seriously,whentwobusescollidedinShanghai’SGonghexinluMondaymorning．TrafficontheroadsWasrestorestwohourslaterafterthetwodamagedbuseswereremoved，thelocalWenHuiBaoreported．ComparingtheSTwiththeTT,wecanfindeasilythattheTTabridgessomesentencesofST,butreservesthemainpointoftheinformation．Concisenessisaveryimportantelementinnewstranslation．Sometimes，theSTprovidesustoomanydescriptionsthatconveythesamemaininformation；thenewstranslatorneedstoabridgetheseredundantdescriptionstomaketheTTconciseandmoreacceptabletothetargetlanguagereaders．Fromthisexample，wecanfmdthenewstranslatordeletessomecontentsoftheSTthatarenotveryimportanttobereadbythetargetlanguagereaderandmakestheTTconciseandsimplytobeunderstood，whichachievesthepurposeofthenewstranslatoroftransmittinginformationoftheSTclearly．(3)AbridgmentofParagraphsAdoptingstrategyofabridgmentinthenewstranslationgreatlyservesfor Penetratingnewstranslationfiomtheperspectiveofskopostheoriemaintainingthemaininformationofthewholediscourse．Generallyspeaking，iftheparagraphsthatalenotcloselyrelevanttothewholediscourse，thenewstranslatorcallomittotranslatethemintotheTT．Forexample：Example5：EmailsandtextmessagescouldbereadoncontactlenseslinkedtotheimemeLanewinvention．Researchersconstructedacomputerizedcontactlensanddemonstrateditssafetybytestingitonliveeyes，andtherewerenosignsofadversesideeffects．ThecontactlenscreatedbyresearchersattheUniversityofWashingtonandAaltoUniversity,Finland,consistsofanantennatoharvestpowersentoutbyanextemalsource，aswellas锄integratedcircuittostorethisenergyandtransferittoatransparentsapphirechipcontainingasingleblueLED．Onemajorproblemtheresearchershadtoovercomewasthefactthatthehumaneye，、)I，i也itsminimumfocaldistanceofseveralcentimeters，cannotresolveobjectsonacontactlens．Anyinformationprojectedontothelenswouldprobablyappearblurry．科学家发明隐形眼镜可直接查看邮件短信研究人员制造了一种计算机化的隐形眼镜，并宣称已经通过肉眼使用的安全测试，没有产生不良副作用的迹象。这种隐形眼镜是由来自华盛顿大学和芬兰阿尔托大学的研究人员共同创造的，其组成部分包括一根用来接收外界信息来源发出的能量的天线，以及一个集成电路，这一电路会把接收到的能量储存起来，并将其转移到一个透明的包含单个蓝色二极管的宝石蓝芯片上。 ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryFromthisnewstranslation,wecanfindtheTLtextiSshorterthantlleSTtext，becausethelastparagraphisomittedintheTT．Fromthetitleofthisnewsreport，weknowthatthemainpointistointroduceanewinventiontothereaders．However,thelastparagraphmainlytellsUSthemajorproblemofthisnewinventionthatisuselesstothethemeofthewholediscourse，whichplaysanirrelevantroletothediscourse．Moreover,becauseoftheprecioUSspaceofthenewspapersorthejournals，sometimesthenewstranslatoroftenomitsomeunimportantparagraphstosavethespacewhentranslatingsomelongandcomplexnewsreports．Thus，thenewstranslatoromitsthelastparagraphintheTT,whichisproperandjustified．Atthesametime，thenewstranslator’SpurposeofconveyingtheSTinformationproperlyCanalsobeachieved．4．2．1．2TheAdoptionofAdaptationAdaptationisaUSefultranslationstrategythatCanbeusedinthenewstranslation,whichmeansreservingtheveryessenceoftheSTandrewritingitbyomitting，addingorrearrangingthenewsinformationoftheSTSOastomaketheTTjustifiedandacceptable．Accordingtotheskopos，theTTservesforthereadersandthemainresponsibilityofthenewstranslatoristoattracttheinterestofthereaders，SOthenewstranslationsometimesneedstoadoptthetranslationstrategyofadaptationtomakehisnewsreportmorepopular．However,newstranslationisdifferentfromotherformsoftranslationsuchasliterarytranslation，advertisementtranslationandteletranslation．Thesekindsoftranslationmainlycenterontheinterestsoftheirreadersoraudiences，SOthetranslatorsometimesneedstochangesomecontentsandformsoftheSTtoattainthegoalofentertainingthem．Contrasted谢ththesekindsoftranslation，newstranslation P盯Iet础ngnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoriemusttransittheoriginaltextfaithfullyandtruthfully,SOthenewstranslatorisnotallowedtoexpresshispersonalopinionswhendoingnewstranslation．However,innewstranslation,thenewstranslatorCanusethisspecialstrategycalledadaptation，whichrequiresthenewstranslatorprocesstheSTtomakeitadapttothetastesandinterestsoftheTLreaders．NewsadaptationneedstobefaithfultothemeaningoftheSTandavoiddistortingtheoriginalinformation,whichplaysanimportantroleinnewstranslation．(1)AdaptationofTitleisaninseparablecomponentofthenewsthatcatchesthereMers’eyesfirstlyandagoodtitlewilldrawthereaders’attentionatfirstglance．Thus，titletranslatingisaverysignificanttaskforthenewstranslator．TomakethemeaningofthetitleoftheSTmorecorrectandclear,thenewstranslatorshouldadaptitinaproperwaybyaddingsomebackgroundinformationorannotationstodrawthereaders’attention，whichcallmakesthemunderstandthecontentofthenewsreportcomprehensivelyandcorrectly．Example6：FanssellBeckhamleftoversthroughinternetauction小贝堑酉兰掉根薯筮球迷网上拍卖Becauseoflackingbackgroundinformationhiddeninthispieceoftitle，theTLreadersmaybeconfusedbyit．TranslatingtheoriginalnewsinaliteraltranslationmethodwillmakethenewsinformationfuzzyandconfusedtheTLreMers．Therefore，thenewstranslatoremployadaptationbyaddingthescene“新西兰”，andthereferent“薯条”，whichmakestheSTreadersunderstandthecorrectandspecificmeaningofthetitle．Anotherexample： ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryExample7：Chineseeagerlyawaitlunarsatellitelaunch中国人热盼“嫦娥奔月”ComparingtheSLtext、Ⅳi也theSLtext,wecanfindtheTLtextisinclinedtoattractChinesereaders，becausetheallusion“嫦娥奔月"isfamiliartoChinesepeople．Adaptingtheoriginaltitlebyusmgthisallusionismuchbetterthantranslatingitinarigidway,whichmakestheriflebecomemorevividandelegant．Inthisway,thepurposeofthenewstranslatorCanbeachieved．(2)AdaptationofPoliticalNotesPoliticalnewsreportsaccountforverygreatproportioninthetotalnewsreportsandpoliticalnewsreportsoftenbesigned、加tlltheimplicationofprejudice，andnewsreportingonthepoliticaleventsalwayshasastrongpoliticaltendencBSOthenewstranslatorwhotranslatesthepoliticalnewsreportsshouldhasthecapacitytoanalyzethereportedpoliticaleventsandfmdtheinappropriateexpressionsandadapttheminaproperwaytopreventtheTLreadersfrombeingmisguiding．Thereisacommonwaytotackletheinappropriatepoliticalnotes⋯一一adaptation．Forexample：Example8：ChinahasconsideredTaiwan．arenegadeprovince．sincecommunistforcesdrovenationalistsfromthemainlandin1949，andhasrepeatedlythreatenedtousemilitarypoweragainsttheislandifitdeclaresindependence中国坚持台湾自1949年以来一直是其湾宣称其独立将采取武力行动。FromtheAmerican'spo缸ofview,TaiwanisarenegadeprovincetoChina． ThiskindofexpressionismarkedwithastrongpoHficalpurposeofAmerica．However,totheChinesepeople，TaiwanhasbeenallindivisiblepartofChinasinceancienttimes，SOthenewstranslatorCan’ttranslate‘‘arenegadeprovince’’into“叛乱省”。TaiwanandmainlandChinahaveaverysensitiverelationshipforalongtime．If‘‘arenegadeprovince”istranslatedinto“叛乱省"，itwillbringabouthatredbetweenthem．Thus，thenewstranslatortranslatesitinto“不可分割的一个省"，whichisinagreementwithChina’Spolicy．Byadoptingadaptationofpoliticalnotes，thenewstranslatorproperlyconveythemeaningoftheSTinformation．4．2．2FromthePerspectiveoftheCoherenceRuleThecoherencerulemeansthetargettextmustbecomprehensibletoreceiversintargetlanguageculture．ItreferstotheTTmustmeetthestandardofintra．textualcoherenceandmaketheTTunderstoodandacceptedbythetargetlanguagereaders，whichmeansthetargetlanguagereadersshouldbeabletounderstandtheTT,andtheTTshouldmakesenseinthecommunicativecircumstanceandcultureinwhichitisaccepted．Inthenewstranslation，thisruleisveryimportant,becausethemaimpurposeofthenewstranslatoristomaketheTTunderstoodandacceptedbythetargetlanguagereaders．Inordertoachievethispurpose，thenewstranslatorneedstoadopttarget—orientmethodsintheprocessofthenewstranslation．4．2．2．1TargetCultureOrientation“Culture⋯isthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge，belief,art，morals，law,custom，andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasa32 ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheorymemberofsociety．”(许明武2003：71)Fromhisviewpoint，cultureisacomplexunitywhichiscomposedbyknowledge，belief,art，morals，lawt11atcharacterizespeople’Sliveswholiveinthecommunity．Languagebelongstoculture，anddominatesasignificantroleinit．Nolanguage，noculture．Besides，languageisshapedandaffectedbyculture，anditisaformofreflectionoftheculture．Cultureisunique．Itmarksaparticularsignonthosepeoplewhosharethesamegeographicalandhistoricalsurroundings，whichevenrepresentsspecificnationalcharacteristics．Differentnationsowndifferentcultures，buttheyalsosharelotofcommonness．Therefore，tosomedegree，interculturalcommunicationispossiblebetweennations．However，differenthistoricalculture，religiouscultureandaestheticculturethatsometimesmakesinterculturalcommunicationimpossible．Mostimportantly,totranslatesomenewsreportsthatincludingculturalbackgroundofhisnationneedstolearnthetargetlanguageculturesufficientlyandaccurately,becauseculturaldiscrepancydoesexistsometimesduringnewstranslmionpractice．Intheprocessofnewstranslation，sometimesnewstranslatorsCannottranslatethesourcenewsintothetargetlanguageandviceversa,becauseofculturaldiscrepancy．‘‘Equivalenceprinciple’’cannotbefollowedintranslatingthesourcenewstothetargetlanguage．‘‘Thebiggesthardshipintranslationisculturaldiscrepancy”(WangZuoliang)．Underthiscircumstance，thenewstranslatorneedstofollowthecoherenceruletoadopttarget-·language—·cultureorientedstrategytomakehistranslatumunderstoodbythetargetlanguagereaders．Let’Slisttwoconcreteexamplestoexplainitindetail：Example9：33 Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheorie医患双方须在就诊前签署协议，医生保证不向患者索要红包，患者保证不向医生送红鱼。DoctorsandpatientswillberequiredtosignanagreementbeforetreatmentinwhichthedoctorVOWSheorshewillnotaskformoney,andthepatientVOWSheorshewillnotattempttohandoverbribemoney．．“红包"istraditionallyusedtogivechildrenasapresentintheSpringFestivalinChina,whichisapieceofredpaperandwrapsomemoneyinit．Sometimesitalsousedtoaward-orbribesomebodyforsomething．Itusedasagifttobribethedoctorhere．SotheChineseword红包shouldbetranslatedto“bribemoney”inordertomeettheneedoftarget-language-cultureorientedstrategiestomakethetargetlanguagereadersunderstandtherealmeaningofit．Thereareplentyofculturaldiscrepanciesbetweenthesourcelanguagesocietyandtargetlanguagesociety,whichplayanimportantroleinnewsvaluessuchasimportance，prominence，localityandinterestofthetargettext．Ifanewstranslatordesirestotranslateapieceofnewsreportandmaintaintheoriginalfeatureofit，hemusttakecareofculturaldiscrepancybetweenthetargetlanguagecultureandhisownculture．Sincethetargettextservesforthereaders，theoriginaltextmustbeprocessedcarefully．Exceptforculturaldiscrepancy,theystillneedtopayattentiontotheideologyduringtheirjournalistictranslation．Ideologyreflectsdifferentculturesbetweendifferentnations．Itisnecessarytotakeideologyintoconsiderationduringtheprocessofnewstranslation．AccordingtoSkopostheory,inordertomakenewstranslationunderstoodandacceptedbythetargettextreaders，coherenceruleisamostimportantrulethatthenewstranslatorshouldtakeitintoconsiderationtolearn ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheorythetargetlanguageculturecarefullyandmakesomenecessaryselectionandsummaryoftheoriginaltextinordertomakethenewsinformationacceptedsufficientlyandcorrectlybythetargettextreaders．Examplel0：美国宇航局正在为最新的火星探测车“好奇号"8月6日登陆火星做准备。宇航局的工程师们为好奇号在火星降落捏工二把汪，再加上信号从火星传到地球需要14分钟，更让工程师们倍感心焦。如果成功，好奇号将是美国宇航局成功送达火星的第七辆探测车。TheU．S．。for‘MarsCuriosivuspaceagencylSpreparingtoritsnewestMarsrover，Curiosity,to●touchdownontheRedPlanetonAugust6．Therover'sentryanddescentwillbenerve-wrackingforNASAengineers，compoundedbya14-minutedelayastherover'ssignalstraveltoEarthfromMars．Ifsuccessful，CuriositywillbetheseventhNASAspacecrafttolandontheRedPlanet．Theexpression“捏了一把汗"isoftenusedbyChinesepeopletodescribeasituationthatmakespeoplefeelnervousandworried，whichisstackedtheculturallabelofChina．IfthenewstranslatoruseSliteraltranslation，itwillpuzzletheTLreadersandtheyCannotgettherealmeaningofthisexpression．Hence，thenewstranslatoruseStheword“nerve-racking’’totranslatethisChineseexpressionthatmaintainstheoriginalmeaningoftheSTaswellasattainsthesameeffect．JuriLotman(1999，P．112)pointsout“everylanguageisrootedonaspecificcultureandeveryculturecentersonaspecificlanguage．’’Thismeanslanguageandcultureareindivisible．“Thetrueessenceoftranslationistocommunicatebetweendifferentculturesandthetranslatorshouldactasa35 Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoriemessengerbetweentwocultures．”(彭汉良，1998)Sodoesthenewstranslator．Ifthenewstranslatorlacksculturalbackgroundinformationofthetargettextreaders，itisverydifficultforhimtotranslatetheoriginalnewsinformationcorrectlyandeffectivelyorexpresshisowndesirefreelyandprecisely．Therefore，inordertoreachthemaximumtranslationeffect,sometimes，itneedstoreserveandevenaddsomeexplanationsandintroductionsoftheculturalinformationofthetargetlanguage．However，iftheculturalbackgroundinformationofthetargettextreadershindersinformationtransmission，WeshoulddeleteorrewritethemwithouthesitationSOastoprovidethetargettextreaders谢ththemostpopularnewsinformationthatcanbeeasilydigestedbythemtoreachthecross-culturalcommunicationgoal．4．2．2．2TargetLanguageOrientationInSkopostheory,thecoherencerulerequiresthatthetargettextshouldbecomprehensibletothetargetlanguagereceivers，whichmeanstheTTmustmeetthestandardofintra-textualcoherenceandthetargetlanguagereadersunderstandit．Hence，sometimesthenewstranslatorneedstoadopttarget-languageorientedstrategytomakehistranslatumcomprehensibletothetargetlanguagereaders．Example11：在今日中国，最引人注目的是农民企业家的出现。许多昨天还是“画塑黄±登朔云"的农民，今天成了闻名遐迩的企业家。Intoday’SChina,themostexcitingstoryistheemergenceoffarmerentrepreneurs．Yesterday。Sweather-beatenfarmershavetodaybecomerenowned ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheorybusinesspeople．Inthisexample，“面朝黄土背朝天’’isparaphrasedtotheword“weather-beaten．”Forthewesternreaders，itishardforthemtounderstandtherealmeaningofthisChineseexpression．Therefore，thenewstranslatortarget·languageorientedstrategytousetheword“weather-beaten"thatisfamiliartothetargetlanguagereaders．Undoubtedly,thisChineseexpressionisclarifiedandunderstoodbythetargetlanguagereaders．Examplel2：在改变地面交通环境投资大、见效慢的客观条件下，无疑，发展航空运输是实现“短壬迭"的唯一途径。Asadvancesingroundtransportationwouldrequireatremendousinvestment,thedevelopmentofairtransportationisundoubtedlythebestwaytoachievequickresults．“短平快"isoriginallyasportstermofvolleyball，butnowitisoftenusedinmanyotherfieldstoconveythemeaningofquicknessandvalidness．ThisisanauthenticChineseexpressionandonlyexistsintheChineselanguage．Ifthenewstranslatortranslatesitliterally,itwillmakethetargetlanguagereadersmisunderstand．Thenewstranslatoradoptstarget-languageorientedstrategybyusingtheexpression“quickresults”，whichmakesthemeaningofthisChineseexpressionapparenttothetargetlanguagereaders．4．2．3FromthePerspectiveoftheFidelityRuleFidelityruleisthethirdoneamongtherulesofSkopostheory,whichsometimesshouldbefollowedintheprocessofthenewstranslation．The37 Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoriefidelityrulerequiresthatinter-textualcoherenceshouldexistbetweentheSTandtheTT,whichequalstobeloyaltotheoriginaltext．Subordinatedtotheskoposandcoherencerules，fidelityrulemainlyrequiresthenewstranslatortobeloyaltotheoriginaltexttothegreatestextent．4．2．3．1MaintenanceoftheOriginalStyleInthenewstranslation,beingfaithfultomaintainthestyleoftheoriginaltextisnecessarywhentranslatingsomenewsreports．FollowingthefidelityruleoftheSkopostheoryneedsthenewstranslatorsometimestomaintaintheoriginalstyleoftheST．Inthisway,thestylisticcharacteristicsoftheoriginaltextCanbereservedSOthattoattractthetargetlanguagereaders’interests．Example13：China'sstate—runmediasaytheamountofpollutiondischargedinChina'sriversandlakeshasincreasedthisyear'despitegovernmenteffortstoimproveenvironmentalpractices．ChinaDaily，citingareportbytheStateEnvironmentProtectionAdministration，saidt11atChinaproducedmorethan12billiontonsofindustrialwastewaterinthefirsthalfof2006．Thatfigureisuparoundtwo·—and-·a·-halfpercentfromthesameperiodlastyear．Theenvironmentalagencyattributedtheincreasetothecountry’Sboomingindustries⋯—-andtolocalgovernmentsnotimplementingstrictenvironmentalprotectionpolicies，ImplementingenvironmentalregulationhasbeenaslowprocessinChina’Sboomingeconomy,inlargepartbecauselocalindustrialofficialsarereluctanttofollowthroughwithmeasuresforfearofshort—termlosses．38 ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory中．国官方媒体说，尽管中国政府努力改善环保，但是排放到中国河流和湖泊里的污染物质今年还是有所增加。《中国日报》援引中国国家环境保护总局的一份报告说，中国在2006年上半年工业废水排放量为120亿吨，比去年同期上升了大约2．5％。中国国家环保总局把这种情况归咎于中国工业的蓬勃发展和地方政府不执行严格的环保政策。中国经济快速发展，执行环保政策进展缓慢，主要原因是地方工业官员担心短期内的经济损失，因此不愿意贯彻环保措施。Fromthisexample，weclearlyknowthisisapoliticalreportontheproblemofChineseenvironmentalprotection．Becausethereportisserious，andthestyleofthisreportisformal，thenewstranslatoralsokeepthestyleofthistextandchoosesomewriRenlanguagesuchas“援引”，“归咎于"“贯彻”andSOontoavoidalteringthestyleoftheoriginaltext．ThenewstranslatorfollowsthefidelityruletobeloyaltotheoriginaltexttothegreatestextentandmaintainstheoriginalstylethatmakestheSTaestheticallyattractive．Example14：Flash．Dash．Classicsplash!(rhyme)闪光、闪耀、经典的飞溅!(parallelism)Example15：DoubledelicioUS．Doubleyourpleasure．(alliteration)双份美味，双份愉悦。(couplet)Fromthesetwoexamples，weCallfindthatthenewstranslatorfaithfullyfollowsthefidelityruletomaintaintheoriginalstyle．Byfollowingthefidelity39 PenetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheorieruleoftheSkopostheory,theformandstyleoftheoriginaltextismaintainedandthemeaningiswellconveyed．Therefore，thefidelityruleisapplicabletoguidethenewstranslation．4．2．3．2MaintenanceoftheOriginalCultureInnewstranslation,thenewstranslatorsometimesneedstobeloyaltomaintaintheoriginalculture．Asweallknowthatculturerepresentsatypicalfeatureofanation．Ifthetargetlanguagereaderswanttounderstandpeople’SdifferentbehaviorsandideologyofanotherCOuntry,theyneedtolearntheirculturefirst．Hence，followingthefidelityruleoftheSkopostheory,thenewstranslatorsometimeschoosetomaintaintheoriginalcultureoftheSTbyaddingsomeinformationthatalefamiliartothetargetlanguagereaders．Example16：“铁饭碗"如今已被一个新出现的词“跳槽"代替。Thephrase“iron-rice-bowl"，whichreferstothejob-for-lifesystem，hasbeenreplacedbyanewterm，TiaoCao，meaning“toseekbettertroughs．"Asweallknowthat“铁饭碗”and“跳槽”falltothescopeofChinesecultureandthenewstranslatorfollowsthefidelityruletomaintaintheoriginalculturebyaddingtheinformation“referstothejob—for-life”and“toseekbettertroughs"，whichareeasytobeunderstoodbythetargetlanguagereadersthroughmaintainingtheChineseculture．Example17：“八荣八耻” Thesocialistconceptofhonoranddisgracewhichunderscoresthevalueofpatriotism，hardworkandplainliving，beliefinscience，consciousnessofservingthepeople，solidarity,honestyandcredibility,andobservationofthe“八荣八耻”isanabbreviationof“社会主义荣辱观’’，whichisproposedbyPresidentHuJintao．Ifthenewstranslatortranslatesitliterallyto“eighthonorsandeightdisgraces"，itwillmakethetargetlanguagereadersconfusedandtheChineseculturecannotbereserved．Therefore，thenewstranslatorfollowsthefidelityruleoftheSkopostheoryandmaintaintheoriginal-languageculture，andthetargetlanguagereadersunderstandChineseculturedeeply．4．3PurposefulNewsTranslationonLexicalLevelNewsreportscontainsthelatestinformationofvarioussocialdomains．Vocabularyisthebasiclinguisticunitanditplaysanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofthelinguistic．Thedevelopmentofthesocietydefinitelybringsnewthingswhichaleexpressedintherenewalofthevocabulary．Newslanguagehasitsownfeaturestoattractreaders’attention，whichisoneofproductsoflinguisticevolutionandhasexperiencedaverylongtimeinhuman’Ssociety．Newsreportsserveforthepublic，butthepeoplewhosharetheinformationpossessdifferentinterestsandcapabilities．Itisnewstranslators’responsibilitytotranslateinformationtotheforeignreaderseffectivelytoenhancecommunicationaleffectbetweendifferentnations．Therefore，theymusthavethecapacitytotranslateinformationinasimpleandcorrectwaytocatch Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheorietheforeignreaders’eyestoreadtheirnewsreportsandunderstandthemeasily．Becausesomenewsarecomplexandhardtobeunderstoodbytheforeignreaders，atthistime，newstranslatorsshouldturnthiscomplicatednewsintosimpleonesbyusingplainandsimpletargetlanguage．LanguagesbetweenChinesenewsandEnglishnewsshareagreatdealofsimilarities，buttheystillhavegreatdisparities，whichrequirecarefulstudyofthenewstranslators．Therefore，confrontedwithnewthingsthatarebroughtbythesocialdevelopment，itisnecessarytointroducenewthingsintothevocabulary．4．3．1CausesofNewsNeologismTherearenewinventions，ideas，technologicalequipmentandsocialfashionsthatariseinthemodemsocietyeveryday．Whenthesenewthingsarereported，itisnecessarytohaveaneffectivewaytoexpressthemtotheaudience．Therearetwomaincausesofnewsneologism．Firstly,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newsneologismsmusttakeapartinthedevelopmentofthevocabulary．Secondly,political，socialandeconomicalchangescanalsobringnewsneologismsintothevocabulary．4．3．2WaysofNewsNeologismFormationVocabularyisthebasiclinguisticunit，whichisalsothebasiccomponentofthenewslanguage．Asaspecialtypeoftranslation,newstranslationrequiresstrictlyonthevocabulary．Skopostheoryrequiresthenewstranslatortomakehisnewstranslationunderstoodquicklyandeffectively,becausetheunderstandingoftheTLreadersisthefmalobjectiveforhim．Vocabularyplaysanimportantroleinnewstranslation，andneologismtakesupasignificantrole42 ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryinvocabulary．Neologismisnotonlyagoodmethodtomakenewstranslationclearandacceptable，butalsomakeitmorevividandfashionable．4．3．2．1LiteralTranslatiOilLiteraltranslmionmeansthetranslatorshouldbeloyaltothecontentaswellastheformoftheoriginaltextduringtheprocessoftranslation，whichconcentratesontheaccurateexpressionoftheoriginaltext．Thatistosay,thetranslatortranslatestheoriginaltextinaccordancewiththeliteralmeaning．AlthoughChineselanguageandEnglishlanguagearequitedifferent，theyalsosharesomeequivalentmeaningsofthevocabulary．ThetranslatorCantranslatesomewordsorphraseswordbyword．Forexample：groupbuying(团购)，idoltype(偶像派)，family访olence(家庭暴力)，farewelld岫er(散伙饭)，energyintensity(能源强度)，leftgirls(剩女)，nakedwedding(裸婚)，andonlineguardianship(网游监护)．4．3．2．2FreeTranslationFreetranslationmeansthetranslationisloyaltothemeaningoftheoriginaltext，butthetranslatorhashisownoriginalityandinnovationontheforminordertomaketheTLreadersunderstandthetranslatednewscomprehensively．Thus，theguidingfunctionofSkopostheoryiswellimpliedinthismeansoftranslation．Forexample：Mr．Big(黑社会老大)，soft—soap(奉承讨好)，copycat(山寨)，zoneout(上课开小差)，playhooky(逃学)，biggun(达人)。4．3．2．3TransfiterationTransliterationisasortoftranslationmethodtotranslateaneologism43 Pcncamingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheorieaccordingtoitspronunciation，whichisverypopularinthenewspapersandjournals．Transliterationnotonlymakesthetranslatedneologismeasyandinterestingtoberead，butalsoremainsthespecialcharacteristicsoftheoriginallanguage．Forexample：romantic(罗曼蒂克)，marathon(马拉松)，vitamin(维他命)，Coca-Cola(El可口乐)，copy(拷贝)，sauna(桑拿)。4．3．2．4TransferencemeansadoptingorcopyingsomethingtotallyfromtheSLtotlleTLwithoutalteration．Underthecircumstancethatalldifferentkindsofculturesinfluenceeachothernowadays，EnglishandChinesenewwordsundoubtedlyinfluenceeachother．Forexample，ChinesepeoplenaturallyusetheEnglishnewwordssuchasAPEC(亚太经贸合作组织)，IBM(国际商用机器公司)，WHO(世界卫生组织)，WTO(世界贸易组织)，OPEC(欧佩克石油输出国组织)，EU(欧盟)。Similarly,thesewordssuchasjiao—zi(饺子)，kung—fu(功夫)，zongzi(粽子)，qigong(气功)arewidelyusedinEnglishvocabulary．TotranslatetheSOUrCelanguageintothetargetlanguagebutmaintaintheoriginalcultureoftheSOUrCelanguage，whichmeanscreatingsomethingnewforthetargetlanguagenationthatpromotestheculturalcommunicationandunderstandingbetweenthem．AccordingtoSkopostheory,theinter-textualcoherencereliesonthetranslator’Stranslationtechniques．Vermeersaysthatinter-textualcoherenceshouldbemaximallyloyalimitationoftheST．Nord’SprincipleoffunctionplusloyaltyrequiresthetranslatorshouldbccompletelyloyaltothesoUrcetext，whichisclearlyreflectedintheusingofneologismbydifferentways． ChapterFourNewsTranslationfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory4．4PurposefulNewsTranslationonSyntacticalLevelItoftenappearssomecomplicatedsyntacticalstructureintheEnglishnewsreportstoprovideabundantbackgroundinformationorexpresstheopinionsoftherelatedpersonnel．Thesecomplexsyntacticalstructuresusuallyconsistofattributivestructureandadverbials臼佻tIⅡ．eaddedwithparenthesesinordertoexpressnewsinformationasmuchaspossiblebyusingonlyonesentence．Sometimes，evenaparagraphincludesonlyonesentenceintheEnglishnewsreports．However,Chinesereadersarenotaccustomed而ththisway．TheChinesenewstranslatorpreferstotranslateoriginalnewsreportsbyusingseveralshortandsimplesentencesinanacceptableandunderstandableway,whichiseasytobeunderstoodbythenewsreaders．Hence，whentranslatingEnglishnewsintoChineseone，thenewstranslatorusuallydividethe．10ngandcomplicatedsyntacticalstructIlresintosomeshortandsimpleonesonthebasisofmaintainingthecorrectmeaningoftheoriginalinformation．Example18：Aftera19一monthinvestigationthatlaidbarethefailureoftheCentralIntelligenceAgency,theFederalBureauofInvestigation，thePentagon，theNationalSecurityCouncilandvirtuallyeveryothergovernmentagencyresponsiblefordefendingthenationonthatbrilliantlysunnySeptembermorningin2001，the10-memberpanelofferedadetailedproposalforreorganizingthewaythecountrygathersandsharesintelligence．这个有10名成员的委员会经过19个月的调查，对美国整改收集和分享情报的方式方法提出了一个详细的建议。该委员会的调查揭露了中央情报局、联邦45 Penetratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheode调查局、五角大楼、国家安全委员会以及其他负责保卫国家安全的几乎每个政府机构在2001年9月那个阳光灿烂的早晨的种种失职行为。Fromthisexample，wecanfredthesequenceoftheTThasbeenadjusted．TheSTisSlongsentencethatishardtograspthemainideaquicklyfortheTLreaders．ThenewstranslatoradjuststhesequenceoftheSTandfirstlytranslatesthemaininformationofthiscomplexsentence“这个有10名成员的委员会经过19个月的调查，对美国整改收集和分享情报的方式方法提出了一个详细的建议"．Thenthenewstranslatorbeginstotranslatetheattributiveclausemodifyingtheword“investigation”，whichistheadditionalinformationofthissentence．ByadjustingthesequenceoftheSTtotranslatethissentencemakesthekeypointhighlightedandveryeasytobeunderstoodbytheTLreaders． ChapterFiveConclusionInthisessay,theauthortriestoapplySkopostheorytothenewstranslationasatheoreticalguidance．TheauthorgivessomeanalysesofnewstranslationexamplesandsummarizesthatthethreerulesofSkopostheory,andtheprincipleoffunctionplusloyaltyofSkopostheoryhaveagreatsignificancetothenewstranslation．Besides，theauthorconcludesthatseveralnewstranslationmethodssuchasabridgment，adaptionandadjustment，target-languagecultureandtargetlanguageorientationandthemethodofmaintainingtheoriginallanguageandculture．ThesemethodsCanbeadoptedintheprocessofnewstranslationundertheguidanceofSkopostheory．5．1MajorFindingsWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,cross．culturalcommunicationbecomesmoreandmorepopularallovertheworld．Therefore，newstranslationbetweendifferentnationsplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinexchangingcultures，economyandpolitics埘tllothernations．Newsisapopularanduniquewayoftransmittinginformationinvariousdomainsthatpossessesthesecharacteristicssuchastimeliness，importance，prominence，proximityandinterest，andthesespecialcharacteristicsofthesourcenewsshouldbereflectedinthetargetnews．However,duetosomediscrepanciesthatdoexistbetweendifferentlanguages，culturesandideologies，itisnoteasyforthenewstranslatortotranslatethesourcenewsintothetargetnewsinareasonableandacceptablewaytoachievethegivenpurpose，and47 Penelratingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoriemakingerrorsseemstobefrequentforthenewstranslator．Therefore，alleffectivetranslationtheoryisurgentlyneededtoguidethenewstranslationinafightdirection．WhenanalyzingtheSkopostheoryandtheparticularcharacteristicsofthenews，theauthorfindsthatSkopostheoryisapplicableandeffectivetonewstranslation．AfterstudyingnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,wecallmakesomeconclusionsasfollows：Firstly,undertheguidanceofskoposruleoftheSkopostheory,thenewstranslatorCanadopttranslationstrategiesofabridgmentandadaptationtowellachievethepurposeofinformationdissemination．Secondly,undertheguidanceofcoherenceruleoftheSkopostheory,thenewstranslatorCanadopttarget-·languageandtarget··language--cultureorientedstrategytomakethetargetlanguageunderstandableandmaketheTTsignificantinthecommunicativesettingandcultureinwhichitaccepted．Thirdly,undertheguidanceoffidelityruleoftheSkopostheory,thenewstranslatorcanadopttranslationstrategyofmaintainingtheoriginalstyleandcultureoftheST．Hence，thetargetlanguagereadersCanlearntheforeigncultureandthelanguagestyleoftheoriginaltext．Finally,undertheguidanceoftheskopostheory,thenewstranslatorCalladoptdifferentwaystotranslateneologismanddealwithcomplexsentencesoftheSTproperly．48 ChapterFiveConclusion5．2ImplicationsoftheStudyThisthesismainlyfocusesonanalysisofnewstranslationfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory．Fromthestudyonthissubject，theauthorfindstheSkopostheoryhasagreatsignificancetothenewstranslation，whichplaysarolefortheresearcherwhodesirestofmdouttherelationshipbetweennewstranslationandtheSkopostheoryandtriestoanalyzenewstranslationstrategiesfromtheaspectoftheSkopostheory．ThestudyinthisfieldCanhelpthenewstranslatoradoptappropriatemethodstotranslatenewsreportsfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguageaswellasemploymorevalidstrategiesunderthedirectionoftheSkopostheory．5．3LimitationsoftheStudyandSuggestionsfortheFurtherStudyBecauseoftheauthor'slimitedknowledgeofnewstranslationandSkopostheory,thisthesisisnotwellpresentedtobeanidealone．ThestudyonpenetratingnewstranslmionfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheorylacksprofoundanalysis．Inaddition，itlacksdetailedexplanationsandtheexamplescitedinthisthesismaynotbetypicalandtheanalysismaynotbepersuasive．Astothesuggestionsforthefurtherstudy,thecomingresearchCanconcentrateoncategoriesaccordingtodifferentmediatypeswherenewstranslationisneeded．Therearevarioustypesofmediasuchasthetelevision，interact，radio，newspaperandjournal，andtheyhavedifferentrequirementsand49 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