issuesinfirstlanguageacquisition在第一语言习得的问题

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1、IssuesinFirstLanguageAcquisition:(PLLT)31-431.CompetenceandPerformance:.-Competencereferstoone’sunderlyingofasystem,event,orfact;nonobservableabilitytodosomething.Performanceistheovertlyobservableandconcretemanifestationorrealizationofcompetence.Itistheactualdoingofsomethin

2、g.Inschools,itisassumedthatchildrenpossesscertaincompetenceingivenareasandthatthiscompetencecanbemeasuredandassessedbymeansoftheobservationofelicitedsamplesof“tests”and“examinations”.Inreferencetolanguage,competenceistheunderlyingknowledgeofthesystemofalanguage–itsrulesofgr

3、ammar,itsvocabulary,allthepiecesofalanguageandhowthosepiecesfittogether.Performanceistheactualproduction(speaking,writing)orthecomprehension(listening,reading)oflinguisticevents.Chomskyappointedthatatheoryoflanguagehadtobeatheoryofcompetencesothatlinguistsdon’ttryinvaintoca

4、tegorizeaninfinitenumberofperformancevariablesthatdon’treflecttheunderlyingabilityofthestudent.Linguistsandpsychologistsinthegenerative/cognitiveframeworkhaveoperatedunderthisideaforsometime.Indirectmethodsofjudgingchildren’scompetencehadtobeinventedwhenresearchersrealizedt

5、hatifachildhasnointerestorcognizanceofanadult’sgrammaticalinterrogation,hewillsaywhatevercomestohismind.Thosemethodsincluded:1)taperecordingandtranscriptionofcountlesshoursofspeechfollowedbystudiousanalysis,and2)certainimitation,production,orcomprehensiontests.Allofthesehad

6、numerousdisadvantages.Thecompetence-performancemodelhasn’tbeenaccepteduniversallybecauseitstatesthatthecompetenceconsistsoftheabilitiesofan“idealized”hearer-speakerwhohasnoperformancevariables.Tarone(1988)criticizedthismodelbecausehesaysthatbyidealizingthelanguageuser,there

7、isnoplaceforallofaperson’sgoofsthatarepotentiallyconnectedtowhathecallsheterogeneouscompetencewhicharetheabilitiesthatareintheprocessofbeingformed2.ComprehensionandProduction.-Theybothcanbeaspectsofperformanceandcompetence.Itisthoughtthatcomprehension(listeningandreading)ca

8、nbeassociatedwithcompetence,whileproduction(speaking,writing)isassociatedwithperfo