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1、UNIT3Unemployment1.Losingajobcanbethemostdistressingeconomiceventinaperson’slife.Mostpeoplerelyontheirlaborearningstomaintaintheirstandardofliving,andmanypeoplegetfromtheirworknotonlyincomebutalsoasenseofpersonalaccomplishment.Ajoblossmeansalowerlivingstandardinthepresent,anxietyaboutthefuture
2、,andreducedself-esteem.Itisnotsurprising,therefore,thatpoliticianscampaigningforofficeoftenspeakabouthowtheirproposedpolicieswillhelpcreatejobs.失去一份工作可能是最痛苦的经济事件在一个人的生活。大多数人们依靠自己的劳动收入来维持他们的生活标准,许多人会从他们的工作得到的不仅是收入，还有自己的成就感。一个失去工作意味着现在要定一个更低的生活标准,焦虑未来,并丧失自尊心。这并不奇怪,因此,政治家竞选办公室经常谈论他们所提出的政策将帮助创造就业机
3、会。4.Injudginghowserioustheproblemofunemploymentis,onequestiontoconsideriswhetherunemploymentistypicallyashort-termorlong-termcondition.Ifunemploymentisshort-term,onemightconcludethatitisnotabigproblem.Workersmayrequireafewweeksbetweenjobstofindtheopeningsthatbestsuittheirtastesandskills.Yetifu
4、nemploymentislong-term,onemightconcludethatitisaseriousproblem.Workersunemployedformanymonthsaremorelikelytosuffereconomicandpsychologicalhardship.判断失业问题有多么严重时，其中一个问题就是要考虑是否失业通常是一个短期或长期的条件。如果失业是短期的，人们可能会得出结论，它不是一个大问题。工人可能需要几个星期的工作之间找到最适合他们的口味和技能的开口。然而，如果失业是长期的，人们可能会得出结论，这是一个严重的问题。许多个月的失业工人更容易遭
5、受经济和心理上的困难。5.Onereasonwhyeconomiesalwaysexperiencesomeunemploymentisjobsearch.Jobsearchistheprocessofmatchingworkerswithappropriatejobs.Ifallworkersandalljobswerethesame,sothatallworkerswereequallywellsuitedforalljobs,jobsearchwouldnotbeaproblem.Laid-offworkerswouldquicklyfindnewjobsthatwerewe
6、llsuitedforthem.But,infact,workersdifferintheirtastesandskills,jobsdifferintheirattributes,andinformationaboutjobcandidatesandjobvacanciesisdisseminatedslowlyamongthemanyfirmsandhouseholdsintheeconomy.摩擦性失业往往是在不同企业之间的劳动力需求变化的结果。当消费者决定，他们更喜欢富士通而不是宏碁，富士通增加就业岗位，宏碁就解雇工人。前宏碁的工人必须寻找新的就业机会，而富士通必须决定雇用
7、新工人开辟了各种作业。这种转变的结果是一段时间的失业。6.Frictionalunemploymentisoftentheresultofchangesinthedemandforlaboramongdifferentfirms.WhenconsumersdecidethattheypreferCompaqoverDellcomputers,Compaqincreasesemployment,andDelllaysoffworkers.TheformerDellwor
