学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译

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1、1.Unit1Businessesarestructuredindifferentwaystomeetdifferentneeds.Thesimplestformofbusinessiscalledanindividualorsoleproprietorship.Theproprietor(经营者)ownsallofthepropertyofthebusinessandisresponsibleforeverything.Forlegalpurposes,withthiskindofbusiness,theownerandthecompanyarethesame.

2、Thismeansthattheproprietorgetstokeepalloftheprofitsofthebusiness,butalsomustpayanydebts.Anotherkindofbusinessisthepartnership.Twoormorepeoplegointobusinesstogether.Anagreementisusuallyneededtodecidehowmuchofthepartnershipeachpersoncontrols.Onekindofpartnershipiscalledalimitedliability

3、partnership.Thesehavefullpartnersandlimitedpartners.Limitedpartnersmaynotshareasmuchintheprofits,buttheyalsohavelessresponsibilitiesforthebusiness.Doctors,lawyersandaccountantsoftenformpartnershipstosharetheirrisksandprofits.Ahusbandandwifecanformabusinesspartnershiptogether.Partnersh

4、ipsexistonlyforaslongastheownersremainalive.Thesameistrueofindividualproprietorships.Butcorporationsaredesignedtohaveanunlimitedlifetime.Acorporationisthemostcomplexkindofbusinessorganization.Corporationscansellstockasawaytoraisemoney.Stockrepresentssharesofownershipinacompany.Investo

5、rswhobuystockcantradetheirsharesorkeepthemaslongasthecompanyisinbusiness.Acompanymightusesomeofitsearningstopaydividends(红利)asarewardtoshareholders.Orthecompanymightreinvestthemoneyintothebusiness.Ifshareslosevalue,investorscanloseallofthemoneytheypaidfortheirstock.Butshareholdersaren

6、otresponsibleforthedebtsofthecorporation.Acorporationisrecognizedasanentity(实体)——itsownlegalbeing,separatefromitsowners.Aboardofdirectorscontrolcorporatepolicies.Thedirectorsappointtopcompanyofficers.Thedirectorsmightormightnotholdsharesinthecorporation.Ifshareslosevalue,investorscanl

7、oseallofthemoneytheypaidfortheirstock.Butnotallcorporationsaretraditionalbusinessesthatsellstock.Somenonprofitgroupsarealsoorganizedascorporations.2.Unit2InthepastthreeweekIhaveintroducedyoutotheideasandmethodsofeconomics.Inthenextweek,wewillstartlearningmore,inmoredetailtheprinciples

8、ofeco