学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译

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1、1.Unit1Businessesarestructuredindifferentwaystomeetdifferentneeds.Thesimplestformofbusinessiscalledanindividualorsoleproprietorship.Theproprietor(经营者)ownsallofthepropertyofthebusinessandisresponsibleforeverything.Forlegalpurposes,withthiskindofbusiness,t

2、heownerandthecompanyarethesame.Thismeansthattheproprietorgetstokeepalloftheprofitsofthebusiness,butalsomustpayanydebts.Anotherkindofbusinessisthepartnership.Twoormorepeoplegointobusinesstogether.Anagreementisusuallyneededtodecidehowmuchofthepartnershipea

3、chpersoncontrols.Onekindofpartnershipiscalledalimitedliabilitypartnership.Thesehavefullpartnersandlimitedpartners.Limitedpartnersmaynotshareasmuchintheprofits,buttheyalsohavelessresponsibilitiesforthebusiness.Doctors,lawyersandaccountantsoftenformpartner

4、shipstosharetheirrisksandprofits.Ahusbandandwifecanformabusinesspartnershiptogether.Partnershipsexistonlyforaslongastheownersremainalive.Thesameistrueofindividualproprietorships.Butcorporationsaredesignedtohaveanunlimitedlifetime.Acorporationisthemostcom

5、plexkindofbusinessorganization.Corporationscansellstockasawaytoraisemoney.Stockrepresentssharesofownershipinacompany.Investorswhobuystockcantradetheirsharesorkeepthemaslongasthecompanyisinbusiness.Acompanymightusesomeofitsearningstopaydividends(红利)asarew

6、ardtoshareholders.Orthecompanymightreinvestthemoneyintothebusiness.Ifshareslosevalue,investorscanloseallofthemoneytheypaidfortheirstock.Butshareholdersarenotresponsibleforthedebtsofthecorporation.Acorporationisrecognizedasanentity(实体)——itsownlegalbeing,s

7、eparatefromitsowners.Aboardofdirectorscontrolcorporatepolicies.Thedirectorsappointtopcompanyofficers.Thedirectorsmightormightnotholdsharesinthecorporation.Ifshareslosevalue,investorscanloseallofthemoneytheypaidfortheirstock.Butnotallcorporationsaretradit

8、ionalbusinessesthatsellstock.Somenonprofitgroupsarealsoorganizedascorporations.2.Unit2InthepastthreeweekIhaveintroducedyoutotheideasandmethodsofeconomics.Inthenextweek,wewillstartlearningmore,inmoredetailtheprinciplesofeco