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1、TheapplicationofEnglishlisteningteachingstrategiesinjuniormiddleschool1.Introduction1.1Whatislistening?MichaelRost(2005:31-34)pointsoutthatwhilevirtuallyeverydefinitionhehasheardhassomeuniqueaspects,personaldefinitionsoflisteningtypicallydrawupononeoffourorien
2、tationsorperspectives:receptive,constructive,collaborative,ortransformative.Intheorientationofreceptive,listeningmeanscatchingwhatthespeakerhassaid,gettingthespeaker'sidea,decodingthespeaker'smessageandunpackingthespeaker'scontent.Listeningisreceivingthetransf
3、erofimages,impressions,thoughts,beliefs,attitudesandemotionsfromthespeaker.Intheorientationofconstructive,listeningmeansfiguringoutwhatisinthespeaker'smind,findingsomethinginterestinginwhatthespeakerissaying,findingoutwhatisrelevantforyou,reframingthespeaker's
4、messageinawaythat'srelevanttoyou,understandingwhythespeakeristalkingtoyouandnoticingwhatisnotsaid.Intheorientationofcollaborative,listeningmeanscoordinationwiththespeakeronthechoiceofacodeandacontext,respondingtowhatthespeakerhassaid,theprocessofnegotiatingsha
5、redinformationorvalueswithspeaker,actinginterestedwhilethespeakeristalkingandsignalingtothespeakerwhichideasareclearandacceptabletoyou.Intheorientationoftransformative,listeningmeansinvolvementwiththespeaker,withoutjudgment,creatingaconnectionbetweenthespeaker
6、andthelistener,empathizingwiththespeaker'smotivationforspeaking,imaginingapossibleworldforthespeaker'smeaning,theprocessofcreatingmeaninginthespeaker,thecompletionofcommunicationandfeelingtheflowofconsciousnessasyoupay27attentiontothings.Listeningistheprocesso
7、falteringthecognitiveenvironmentofboththespeakerandthelistener.1.2SomekindsoflisteningprocessAsisknowntoall,DavidandPearse(2000:78)presentamethodusedinthelisteningclass,whichmakestextbookorotherlisteningpracticemorerealisticandinterestingbyfollowingthethree-st
8、agelisteningpractice:pre-listening,while-listening,andpost-listening.Anderson(1985:102-108)proposedathree-phasemodeloflisteningprocess,consistingofperception,parsingandutilization.