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1、Chapter7Language,CultureandSocietyLecturedbyYuanXiu-fengFacultyofForeignLanguagesShaoxingUniversity E-mail:aliciayuan@21cn.comTel.:0575-883418817.1Languageandculture7.1.1Whatisculture?Culture,inabroadsense,meansthetotalwayoflifeofanation,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,ob
2、jects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.Ascultureissoinclusive,itpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehavior,includinglinguisticbehavior.Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,b
3、eliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodcultureetc.Generallyspeaking,therearetwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual.Whilematerialculture,asthetermitselfsuggests,isconcrete,substantialandobservable,mostofspiritualculture,theproductsofmind(ideolo
4、gies,beliefs,valuesandconceptsoftimeandspace,forexample),isabstract,ambiguous,andhidden.Incontrastwithnatureinthesenseofwhatisbornandgrows,culturereferstowhathasbeengrownandbroughtupwith,inotherwords,whatcanbenurtured.Culture,especiallymaterialculture,isreproducedandpreservedth
5、roughthemaintainingofbeliefs,traditions,educationandotherinstitutionalmechanisms,meanwhile,itchangesslowlywiththedevelopmentofthesociety.7.1.2Howislanguagerelatedtoculture?Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself.Yetinadditiontoitsdictionarymeanings,thesamewo
6、rdmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.Fromtheabove,wecaninferthatlanguagenotonlyexpressesfacts,ideas,oreventswhichrepresentsimilarworldknowledgebyitspeople,butalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooks,etc.inaword,languageexpressescultura
7、lreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertongue,healsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountry,hemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitybutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembod
8、iesculturalidentity.Todigitfurther,alanguage,asasystem
