语言学笔记(上课的笔记)

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1、CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION(高叔叔说这章要考50分，所以东西有点多~)1.Linguistics1.1Definition:linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Threekeywords:♦Language:precededbythezeroarticleimpliesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral.♦Study:investigateexamineresearch♦Scientif

2、ic:observation→generalization→hypothesesformation→datacollection→hypothesestesting→theoryformulationHowtomakeastudy"scientific"?1)Exhaustiveness:gatherallthematerialsrelevanttoone'sinvestigationandgivethemanadequateexplanation.2)Consistency:makenocontradictionbetweenpart

3、softhetotalstatement3)Economy:otherthingsbeingequal,simplershorteranalysisisbetter.4)Objectivity:beasobjectiveaspossibleindescribingandanalyzingthedata,allowingnoprejudicetoinfluenceone’sgeneralization.1.2thescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole

4、.Thisdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptionsmodelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy,incontrasttobranchesofstudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.Generallinguisticscanbefurtherdividedintotheoreticallinguistics(micro-linguistics)andapplicationo

5、flinguistics(macro-linguistics).1.2.1Theoreticallinguistics:1)Phnetics:thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.2)Phonology:studieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeanings

6、incommunication.3)Morphology:studyofthewayinwhichthesmallestmeaningfulcomponentscalledmorphemearearrangedtoformwords.4)Syntax[‘sintæks]:studiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences5)Semantics[si’mæntiks]:thestudyofmeaninginisolation,staticallyoutofcontext.1

7、.2.2Applicationoflinguistics(2-8了解即可)1)Pragmatics:thedynamicstudyofmeaningincontext.2)Appliedlinguistics:applicationoflinguisticstheories,principles,methodsandresearchfindingstoanylanguageconnectedareas(broadsense),tolanguageteachingesptotheteachingofforeignorsecondlangu

8、age(narrowsense)Itincludeslanguageacquisition,languagetesting,languageevaluation.3)Sociolinguistics:the