现代语言学 笔记

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1、本资料来自英语自考网http://www.absee.netIntroduction一、Linguistics:Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.二、Thescopeoflinguistics1、phonetics:Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified.2、phonology:Howspeechsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveythemeaning3、morphology:Howmorphemesarecombined

2、toformwords4、syntax:Howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences5、semantics:Thestudyofmeaning(inabstraction.)6、pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse7、sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety8、psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingofthemind9.

3、appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.  三、Some　importantdistinctioninlinguistics1、descriptive(描述性):Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.2、prescriptive(规定性):Itaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”behaviors.i

4、.e.whattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnottosay.1、synchronic(共时语言学):Itreferstothestudyofvariationinlanguageindifferentplacesandamongdifferentgroupsatagivenpointintime.2、diachronic(历时语言学):Studieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.1、speech2、writingarethetwo

5、mediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.1、langue(语言):referstoabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofthespeechcommunity.Itisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.Suchas:InEnglishsentencemusthavesubjectandpred

6、icate.2、parole(言语):referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itisconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.1、competence(语言能力):Astheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage2、performance(语言应用):theactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.四、Whatislanguage?L

7、anguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystemi.e.elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Languageisarbitrary.becausethefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesomeobject.Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages.英

8、语自考网w