林星小雨的现代语言学笔记（latest）

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1、ADetailedNoteforModernLinguisticsChapter1:Introduction1.Definethefollowingterms:1).Linguistics:Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2).Generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.3).Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapp

2、licationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.4).Synchronicstudy:Thestudyofalanguageatsomepoi

3、ntintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisasynchronicstudy.5).Diachronicstudy:Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasun

4、dergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.6).Languagecompetence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar（转化生成语法）isamodeloflanguagecompetence.7).Languageperformance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesin

5、linguisticcommunication.8).Langue:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.9).Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualu

6、se;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.10).Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.11).Arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalc

7、onnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.12).Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.13).Duality:L