林星小雨的代语言学笔记（LATEST）.doc

《林星小雨的代语言学笔记（LATEST）.doc》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

1、ADetailedNoteforModernLinguisticsChapter1:Introduction1.Definethefollowingterms:1).Linguistics:Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2).Generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.3).Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedl

2、inguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability

3、.4).Synchronicstudy:Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisasynchronicstudy.5).Diachronicstudy:Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricald

4、evelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.6).Languagecompetence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar（转化生成语法）isamodeloflanguagecompetence.7).La

5、nguageperformance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.8).Langue:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersal

6、lhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.9).Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.10).Language:Langu

7、ageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.11).Arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguage

8、s.12).Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.13).Duality:L