语言学笔记(上课的笔记)

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1、CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION(高叔叔说这章要考50分，所以东西有点多~)1.Linguistics1.1Definition:linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Threekeywords:♦Language:precededbythezeroarticleimpliesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral.♦Study:investigateexamineresearch♦Scientific:observa

2、tion→generalization→hypothesesformation→datacollection→hypothesestesting→theoryformulationHowtomakeastudy"scientific"?1)Exhaustiveness:gatherallthematerialsrelevanttoone'sinvestigationandgivethemanadequateexplanation.2)Consistency:makenocontradictionbetweenpartsofthetotalstatement

3、3)Economy:otherthingsbeingequal,simplershorteranalysisisbetter.4)Objectivity:beasobjectiveaspossibleindescribingandanalyzingthedata,allowingnoprejudicetoinfluenceone’sgeneralization.1.2thescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole.Thisdealswiththebasicconcepts

4、,theories,descriptionsmodelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy,incontrasttobranchesofstudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.Generallinguisticscanbefurtherdividedintotheoreticallinguistics(micro-linguistics)andapplicationoflinguistics(macro-linguistics).1.2.1The

5、oreticallinguistics:1)Phnetics:thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.2)Phonology:studieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningsincommunication.3)Morphology:studyofthewayinwhicht

6、hesmallestmeaningfulcomponentscalledmorphemearearrangedtoformwords.4)Syntax[‘sintæks]:studiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences5)Semantics[si’mæntiks]:thestudyofmeaninginisolation,staticallyoutofcontext.1.2.2Applicationoflinguistics(2-8了解即可)1)Pragmatics:thedynamic

7、studyofmeaningincontext.2)Appliedlinguistics:applicationoflinguisticstheories,principles,methodsandresearchfindingstoanylanguageconnectedareas(broadsense),tolanguageteachingesptotheteachingofforeignorsecondlanguage(narrowsense)Itincludeslanguageacquisition,languagetesting,language

8、evaluation.3)Sociolinguistics:the