现代语言学 笔记

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1、现代语言学Chapter11，Whatislinguistics?1.1,definition:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage,isbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofdata，conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.“language”impliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguag

2、esingeneral;“study”means“investigate”or“examine”;“scientific”referstothewayinwhichitisstudied.Linguisthastodofirstintostudylanguagefacts.Processoflinguisticstudy:A)Certainlinguisticfactswhichdisplaysomesimilaritiesandgeneralizationsareobserved;B)Basedonthesegeneralizations,hypothesesa

3、reformulatedtoaccountforthesefacts;C)Thehypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;D)Alinguistictheoryisconstructedaboutwhatlanguageisandhowitworks;1.2，thescopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics,whichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,mod

4、elsandmethods;andlanguageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacets;Branchesoflinguisticsasfollow:A)Phonetics(发音学、语音学):thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication;B)Phonology（音系学、音位学）:thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;C)Morphology(词态学)：sound

5、sarerepresentedbycertainsymbolsinlinguisticcommunication,thestudyofthewayinwhichthosesymbolsarearrangedtoformwords;D)Syntax(句法学)：thestudyofrulesthatcombinewordstoformpermissiblesentences;E)Semantics(语义学):thestudyofmeaningF)Pragmatics(语用学)：whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolated

6、,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics;Thestudyofalltheseaspectsoflanguageformsthecoreoflinguistics.Languageisasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironment,inthecourseoftimethestudyoflanguagewhichlinkswithotherbranchesofsocialstudies,resul

7、tingininterdisciplinary(跨学科)branchedoflinguisticstudy,includingsociolinguistics(社会语言学)andpsycholinguistics（心理语言学）;Inabroadsense,Studiescanbeappliedtothesolutionofsomepracticalproblemsisgenerallyknowasappliedlinguistics;inanarrowsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprin

8、ciple